Multicomponent isoreticular metal-organic frameworks: Principles, current status and challenges

Syntheses, design strategies, and photocatalytic charge dynamics of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs): a catalyzed photo-degradation approach towards organic dyes

In improving the tumor-targeting ability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for tumor therapy and avoiding the clearance as well as capture by the immune system, there are still several challenges, which limit the development and bio-applications of MOFs. To overcome these challenges, various targeted modification strategies have been proposed. Amongst all the strategies, a promising cell membrane coating method has been explored and utilized for the syntheses of new cell membrane biomimetic MOFs (CMMs). Through such coating, various source cell membranes (e.g., red blood cell, immune cell, cancer cell, platelet, and fusion cell membranes) can be endowed with excellent properties such as long blood circulation, immune escape, and targeting ability. In the presented perspective, the synthetic method, characterization, and research progress in tumor therapy based on CMMs have been summarized. This is because, like many other technologies, the cell membrane coating technology also has several challenges to overcome. Hence, addressing and overcoming such challenges will promote and extend the bio-applications of MOFs which in the future may become a prospective carrier for cancer nano-medicine. Finally, the prospects and challenges of utilizing CMMs for tumor therapy have been discussed.

Recent advances in cell membrane coated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for tumor therapy

With the development of society, traumatic bone defects caused by accidents, diseases and surgeries have become common, eventually resulting in an increase in bone defects. The treatment of bone defects is characterized by a long period of treatment, high cost and uncontrollable outcomes. Also, it results in complications such as infection and bone discontinuity. Hence, due to this situation, the physical, mental and financial aspects of the patient are severely affected. What's more, such outcomes pose a challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. As a result, bone therapy and bone repair have become a hot topic of interest. In repairing bone defects, materials other than autogenous bone are still unable to provide good biocompatibility, osteogenesis, osteoconductivity and osteoinduction properties at the same time. In addition, the scarcity of autologous bone sources has forced the search for new autologous bone replacement materials. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of developed functional materials that have been widely used in the biomedical field during the recent years due to their porous nature, large specific surface area and diverse structures. With the progress in the investigation into bone treatment and repair, more and more investigators are using MOFs in bone therapy and bone repair. With these viewpoints, in the present perspective, the use of MOFs in bone therapy and bone repair has been summarized, and an insight into the future of MOFs in bone therapy and bone repair has been provided.

Current status and prospects of metal-organic frameworks for bone therapy and bone repair.

Drug pollution in aqueous environment is posing serious global problem, threating the safety of ecosystems and human health, and hence has attracted wide attention. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous inorganic-organic hybrid networks synthesized by multi-dentate organic ligands. Due to their large specific surface area, high adsorption capacity, adjustable porosity, layered structure and recyclable performance, they are considered as important materials for the adsorption and removal of emerging pollutants (ECs) in wastewater and has been widely studied. However, due to their instability and difficulty in recycling in aqueous media, their application as an adsorbent are limited, and hence further investigation and syntheses of materials to overcome this shortcoming remains an arduous task. With these viewpoints, in presented review, the utility of MOFs to adsorption properties and related mechanism to remove drugs viz. antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antipsychotics, organophosphorus pesticides and other drugs from wastewater are presented. Additionally, rational ideas for constructing water stable MOFs with apt functionalization are discussed that can engender targeted MOFs with improved adsorption efficiency of drugs in wastewater. 

Metal Organic Framework as an Efficient Adsorbent for Drugs from Wastewater

Two highly stable metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) assembled by a flexible 1,4-bis(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)butane (bib), and two different aromatic carboxylate coligands, namely, [Zn(BDC–OH2)(bib)] (1) and [Cd3(BTC)2(bib)(DMF)3] (2) (H2BDC–OH2 = 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, H3BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoic acid), were designed and synthesized. 1 showed a 4-fold interpenetration of 4-connected dia-type topological net. In 2, the 3D topological structure can be viewed as a (3,4,5)-connected network, and its Schlali point is {4·62}2 {42·6·83} {46·89}. Different auxiliary carboxylate ligands were examined with respect to the building of various structures. 1 and 2 have outstanding photocatalytic behaviors for the disintegration of methyl violet (MV) under UV irradiation.

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of methyl violet using two new 3D MOFs directed by different carboxylate spacers

Two 3D supramolecular isomeric Zn(II)-MOFs as photocatalysts for photodegradation of methyl violet dye

A multimodal Metal-Organic framework based on unsaturated metal site for enhancing antitumor cytotoxicity through Chemo-Photodynamic therapy.

Recent advances in nano-architectonics of metal-organic frameworks for chemodynamic therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the typical coordination polymers which constructed by metal ions/clusters and multitopic organic ligands. Compared with traditional porous materials, MOFs have the advantages of significant porosity, large specific surface area, adjustable chemical composition, and structure tailorability, these unique features make them a promising candidate for controlled drug delivery. Areas covered This review aims to summarize recent advances in the development of MOFs for drug delivery, in particular, focusing on its ability to deliver various drugs and their release mechanism, as well as the in vivo and in vitro biological evaluation. Moreover, the future research directions of MOFs for clinical treatment are also outlined. Expert opinion Although large numbers of MOFs have been developed as nanocarriers for drug delivery, further improvements are still needed to advance the application of MOFs in the clinic. For example, the circulation mechanism and degradation process of MOFs in vivo, the efficiency and pharmacokinetics of drugs in vivo, and the biological evaluation of MOFs in the controlled release of drugs. The present review work main focus on the recent progress of MOFs as effective nanocarriers for drug delivery and to examine some challenges and directions for its further clinical applications.

Congying Rao

Papers

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of methyl violet using two new 3D MOFs directed by different carboxylate spacers

Two 3D supramolecular isomeric Zn(II)-MOFs as photocatalysts for photodegradation of methyl violet dye

A multimodal Metal-Organic framework based on unsaturated metal site for enhancing antitumor cytotoxicity through Chemo-Photodynamic therapy.

Recent advances in nano-architectonics of metal-organic frameworks for chemodynamic therapy

Novel formulations of metal-organic frameworks for controlled drug delivery