Daniel J. Caldwell

TL;DR: This exercise prioritized the most critical questions regarding the effects of PPCPs on human and ecological health in order to ensure that future resources will be focused on the most important areas.

TL;DR: In vivo vitellogenin (VTG) induction studies are used to determine the relative potency of the steroid estrogens to induce VTG and, based on the relative differences between in vivo VTG induction, they derive PNECs of 6 and 60 ng/L for E1 and E3, respectively.

TL;DR: A species sensitivity distribution was constructed using no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) for reproductive effects from 39 papers in 26 species, resulting in a median hazardous concentration at which 5% of the species tested are affected (HC5,50) of 0.35 ng/L, which is recommended as the PNEC for EE2 in surface water.

TL;DR: A review of analytical methods suggests that tandem or high-resolution mass spectrometry methods with extract cleanup result in lower detection limits and lower reported concentrations consistent with model predictions and bounding estimates, which represent conservative estimates of long-term exposure that can be used for risk assessment purposes.

TL;DR: The consistently large MOEs and MOSs strongly suggest that prescribed and total estrogens that may potentially be present in drinking water in the United States are not causing adverse effects in U.S. residents, including sensitive subpopulations.