Edward Topp

TL;DR: This exercise prioritized the most critical questions regarding the effects of PPCPs on human and ecological health in order to ensure that future resources will be focused on the most important areas.

TL;DR: Environmental releases of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria can in many cases be reduced at little or no cost and the anticipated benefit is an extended useful life span for current and future antibiotics.

TL;DR: It is proposed that environmental aspects of antibiotic-resistance development be included in the processes of any HHRA addressing ARB, and a multicriteria decision analysis approach would be a useful way to undertake an HHRA of environmental antibiotic resistance that informs risk managers.

TL;DR: The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome, which highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management.

TL;DR: Overall, consumption of raw vegetables represents a route of human exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance determinants naturally present in soil, however, the detection of some determinants on vegetables grown only in freshly manured soil reinforces the advisability of pretreating manure through composting or other stabilization processes or mandating offset times between manuring and harvesting vegetables for human consumption.