An introduction to heat transfer

Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves

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Art of electronics

Studying nature to reveal the mechanisms of special wetting phenomena in biological systems can effectively inspire the design and fabrication of functional interfacial materials with superwettability. In this Review, the historical development, new phenomena and emerging applications of superwettability systems are discussed.

Nature-inspired superwettability systems

The ability of superhydrophobic surfaces to stay dry, self-clean and avoid biofouling is attractive for applications in biotechnology, medicine and heat transfer1–10. Water droplets that contact these surfaces must have large apparent contact angles (greater than 150 degrees) and small roll-off angles (less than 10 degrees). This can be realized for surfaces that have low-surface-energy chemistry and micro- or nanoscale surface roughness, minimizing contact between the liquid and the solid surface11–17. However, rough surfaces—for which only a small fraction of the overall area is in contact with the liquid—experience high local pressures under mechanical load, making them fragile and highly susceptible to abrasion18. Additionally, abrasion exposes underlying materials and may change the local nature of the surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic19, resulting in the pinning of water droplets to the surface. It has therefore been assumed that mechanical robustness and water repellency are mutually exclusive surface properties. Here we show that robust superhydrophobicity can be realized by structuring surfaces at two different length scales, with a nanostructure design to provide water repellency and a microstructure design to provide durability. The microstructure is an interconnected surface frame containing ‘pockets’ that house highly water-repellent and mechanically fragile nanostructures. This surface frame acts as ‘armour’, preventing the removal of the nanostructures by abradants that are larger than the frame size. We apply this strategy to various substrates—including silicon, ceramic, metal and transparent glass—and show that the water repellency of the resulting superhydrophobic surfaces is preserved even after abrasion by sandpaper and by a sharp steel blade. We suggest that this transparent, mechanically robust, self-cleaning glass could help to negate the dust-contamination issue that leads to a loss of efficiency in solar cells. Our design strategy could also guide the development of other materials that need to retain effective self-cleaning, anti-fouling or heat-transfer abilities in harsh operating environments. Water-repellent nanostructures are housed within an interconnected microstructure frame to yield mechanically robust superhydrophobic surfaces.

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Design of robust superhydrophobic surfaces

A uniform external field can enhance condensation on a superhydrophobic surface. Jumping droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces accumulate a positive charge which promises the manipulation and control of jumping behavior using external electric fields.

Condensation on surfaces

Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) is essential to many surface characterization techniques and is often applied with the intention of reducing exposure to airborne contaminants. Surface contamination under UHV is not well-understood, however, and introduces uncertainty in surface elemental characterization or hinders surface-sensitive manufacturing approaches. In this work, we investigated the time-dependent surface composition of gold samples with different initial levels of contamination under UHV over a period of 24 h with both experiments and physical modeling. Our results show that surface hydrocarbon concentration under UHV can be explained by molecular adsorption-desorption competition theory. Gold surfaces that were initially pristine adsorbed hydrocarbons over time under UHV; conversely, surfaces that were initially heavily contaminated desorbed hydrocarbons over time. During both adsorption and desorption, the concentration of contaminants tended toward the same equilibrium value. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the temporal evolution of surface contamination under UHV and highlights routes to mitigate surface contamination effects.

/pdf/temporal-evolution-of-surface-contamination-under-ultra-high-2d8jby9t.pdf

Temporal Evolution of Surface Contamination under Ultra-high Vacuum.

Effect of Daily Temperature Fluctuations on Virus Lifetime

We demonstrate a MEMS translational stage that uses electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) as the actuating mechanism. Our EWOD stage is capable of linear translation with resolution of 10 μm over a maximum range of 130 μm and angular deflection of approximately ±1° while eliminating solid-solid contact. The range and resolution can be readily improved via higher base contact angle and lower contact angle hysteresis as indicated by the detailed modeling accompanying the experimental demonstration.

/pdf/electrowetting-on-dielectric-actuation-of-a-spatial-and-55kgtfrojw.pdf

Electrowetting-on-dielectric actuation of a spatial and angular manipulation MEMS stage

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/243546/1/1047390116.pdf

Daniel J. Preston

Papers

Condensation on surfaces

Temporal Evolution of Surface Contamination under Ultra-high Vacuum.

Effect of Daily Temperature Fluctuations on Virus Lifetime

Electrowetting-on-dielectric actuation of a spatial and angular manipulation MEMS stage

Active fume hood sash height monitoring with audible feedback