An introduction to heat transfer

Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves

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Art of electronics

Studying nature to reveal the mechanisms of special wetting phenomena in biological systems can effectively inspire the design and fabrication of functional interfacial materials with superwettability. In this Review, the historical development, new phenomena and emerging applications of superwettability systems are discussed.

Nature-inspired superwettability systems

The ability of superhydrophobic surfaces to stay dry, self-clean and avoid biofouling is attractive for applications in biotechnology, medicine and heat transfer1–10. Water droplets that contact these surfaces must have large apparent contact angles (greater than 150 degrees) and small roll-off angles (less than 10 degrees). This can be realized for surfaces that have low-surface-energy chemistry and micro- or nanoscale surface roughness, minimizing contact between the liquid and the solid surface11–17. However, rough surfaces—for which only a small fraction of the overall area is in contact with the liquid—experience high local pressures under mechanical load, making them fragile and highly susceptible to abrasion18. Additionally, abrasion exposes underlying materials and may change the local nature of the surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic19, resulting in the pinning of water droplets to the surface. It has therefore been assumed that mechanical robustness and water repellency are mutually exclusive surface properties. Here we show that robust superhydrophobicity can be realized by structuring surfaces at two different length scales, with a nanostructure design to provide water repellency and a microstructure design to provide durability. The microstructure is an interconnected surface frame containing ‘pockets’ that house highly water-repellent and mechanically fragile nanostructures. This surface frame acts as ‘armour’, preventing the removal of the nanostructures by abradants that are larger than the frame size. We apply this strategy to various substrates—including silicon, ceramic, metal and transparent glass—and show that the water repellency of the resulting superhydrophobic surfaces is preserved even after abrasion by sandpaper and by a sharp steel blade. We suggest that this transparent, mechanically robust, self-cleaning glass could help to negate the dust-contamination issue that leads to a loss of efficiency in solar cells. Our design strategy could also guide the development of other materials that need to retain effective self-cleaning, anti-fouling or heat-transfer abilities in harsh operating environments. Water-repellent nanostructures are housed within an interconnected microstructure frame to yield mechanically robust superhydrophobic surfaces.

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Design of robust superhydrophobic surfaces

Selon l'invention, un champ externe uniforme peut ameliorer la condensation sur une surface super hydrophobe. Des gouttelettes qui sautent sur des surfaces super hydrophobes accumulent une charge positive qui promet la manipulation et la commande du comportement du saut a l'aide de champs electriques externes.

Condensation sur des surfaces

Ventilation, including fume hoods, consumes 40-70% of the total energy used by modern laboratories. Energy-conscious fume hood usage-for example, closing the sash when a hood is unused-can significantly reduce energy expenditures due to ventilation. Prior approaches to promote such behaviors among lab users have primarily relied on passive feedback methods. In this work, we developed a low-cost fume hood monitoring device with active feedback to alert lab users when a fume hood is left open and unused. Using data collected by the building management system, we observed a 75.6% decrease in the average sash height after installation of these "Motion and Sash Height" (MASH) alarms, which would result in a reduction roughly equal to 43% of the annual carbon emissions of a typical American vehicle, for each fume hood. The MASH alarm presented here reduced energy costs by approximately $1,159 per year, per hood, at MIT.

Motion and Sash Height (MASH) alarms for efficient fume hood use.

A new [PdPtL4]4+ heterobimetallic cage containing hydrazone linkages has been synthesised using the sub-component self-assembly approach. 1H and DOSY nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESIMS) data were consistent with the formation of the [PdPtL4]4+ architecture. The cage was stimulus-responsive and could be partially disassembled and reassembled by the addition of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and p-tolenesulfonic acid (TsOH), respectively. Additionally, the stability of the hydrazone cage against hydrolysis in the presence of water and nucleophilic decomposition in the presence of guest molecules was compared to a previously synthesised imine-containing [PdPtL4]4+ cage. It was established that the hydrazone linkage was more resistant to hydrolysis. Furthermore, the host-guest (HG) chemistry with a series of drug and drug-like molecules was examined. The hydrazone cage was shown to interact with cisplatin while the smaller imine cage was shown to interact with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in CD3CN. No HG interactions were observed in the more polar d6-DMSO. In vitro antiproliferative activity studies demonstrated both cages were active against the cancer cell lines tested and displayed half-maximal inhibitory (IC50) values in the range of 25-35 μM. Most [PdPtL4]4+-drug mixtures tested had higher IC50 values than the hosts. However, the [PdPtL4]4+ cages, and [PdPtL4]4+:drug mixtures were less cytotoxic than the well established anticancer drugs cisplatin, oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil.

Hydrazone- and imine-containing [PdPtL4]4+ cages: a comparative study of the stability and host-guest chemistry.

We provide an overview of the impact of using nanostructured surfaces to improve the performance of solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) energy conversion and condensation systems. We demonstrated STPV system efficiencies of up to 3.2%, compared to ≤1% reported in the literature, made possible by nanophotonic engineering of the absorber and emitter. For condensation systems, we showed enhanced performance by using scalable superhydrophobic nanostructures via jumping-droplet condensation. Furthermore, we observed that these jumping droplets carry a residual charge which causes the droplets to repel each other mid-flight. Based on this finding of droplet residual charge, we demonstrated electric-field-enhanced condensation and jumping-droplet electrostatic energy harvesting.

Daniel J. Preston

Papers

Condensation sur des surfaces

Motion and Sash Height (MASH) alarms for efficient fume hood use.

Hydrazone- and imine-containing [PdPtL4]4+ cages: a comparative study of the stability and host-guest chemistry.

Nanoengineered Surfaces for Thermal Energy Conversion

Additively Manufactured Multiplexed Inertial Coalescence Filters