An introduction to heat transfer

Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves

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Art of electronics

Studying nature to reveal the mechanisms of special wetting phenomena in biological systems can effectively inspire the design and fabrication of functional interfacial materials with superwettability. In this Review, the historical development, new phenomena and emerging applications of superwettability systems are discussed.

Nature-inspired superwettability systems

The ability of superhydrophobic surfaces to stay dry, self-clean and avoid biofouling is attractive for applications in biotechnology, medicine and heat transfer1–10. Water droplets that contact these surfaces must have large apparent contact angles (greater than 150 degrees) and small roll-off angles (less than 10 degrees). This can be realized for surfaces that have low-surface-energy chemistry and micro- or nanoscale surface roughness, minimizing contact between the liquid and the solid surface11–17. However, rough surfaces—for which only a small fraction of the overall area is in contact with the liquid—experience high local pressures under mechanical load, making them fragile and highly susceptible to abrasion18. Additionally, abrasion exposes underlying materials and may change the local nature of the surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic19, resulting in the pinning of water droplets to the surface. It has therefore been assumed that mechanical robustness and water repellency are mutually exclusive surface properties. Here we show that robust superhydrophobicity can be realized by structuring surfaces at two different length scales, with a nanostructure design to provide water repellency and a microstructure design to provide durability. The microstructure is an interconnected surface frame containing ‘pockets’ that house highly water-repellent and mechanically fragile nanostructures. This surface frame acts as ‘armour’, preventing the removal of the nanostructures by abradants that are larger than the frame size. We apply this strategy to various substrates—including silicon, ceramic, metal and transparent glass—and show that the water repellency of the resulting superhydrophobic surfaces is preserved even after abrasion by sandpaper and by a sharp steel blade. We suggest that this transparent, mechanically robust, self-cleaning glass could help to negate the dust-contamination issue that leads to a loss of efficiency in solar cells. Our design strategy could also guide the development of other materials that need to retain effective self-cleaning, anti-fouling or heat-transfer abilities in harsh operating environments. Water-repellent nanostructures are housed within an interconnected microstructure frame to yield mechanically robust superhydrophobic surfaces.

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Design of robust superhydrophobic surfaces

Abstract Molecular recognition is a form of information transfer, seen in the base pairing in DNA which is derived from the identity (acceptor or donor) and number of hydrogen bond sites within each base. Here we report bis‐ligand palladium(II) complexes that exhibit similar complementarity. Pd(II) has square planar four‐coordinate geometry, giving control over ligand orientation and denticity. Pairings were developed using ligand denticity (3 : 1 or 2 : 2), and hydrogen bond capability (AA:DD or AD:DA) or lack thereof. Five pairings were investigated, with two sets of four being found fully orthogonal. The two 3 : 1 pairings exhibited limited ligand exchange. The extent of this exchange varied dependant on solvent from 2 : 1 (desired to undesired) to 6 : 1. A reliable and varied set of ligand pairs have therefore been developed for bis‐ligand coordination sphere engineering in pursuit of sorting for complex molecular architectures and molecular‐level information storage and transfer events.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/asia.202200272

A Catalogue of Orthogonal Complementary Ligand Pairings for Palladium(II) Complexes

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Jumping-droplet energy harvesting with nanoengineered surfaces

Traditional orthopedic casting strategies used in the treatment of fractured limbs, such as fiberglass and plaster‐based tapes, suffer from several drawbacks, including technically challenging molding for application, occurrence of skin complications, and the requirement of a potentially hazardous oscillatory saw for removal, which is frightening for pediatric patients. This work presents the design and evaluation of a foam‐fabric cast (FFC) to overcome these drawbacks by integrating strategies from soft materials engineering and functional apparel design. A fabric sleeve is designed to enable the reactive injection molding of a polymer foam and provide a form‐fitting orthopedic cast for the human forearm—with sufficient mechanical reinforcement to stabilize a fractured limb. Through testing with a replica limb and human subjects with a range of forearm volumes, the FFC application process is demonstrated and characterized. The thermal, pressural, chemical, and hygienic safety are comparable to or safer than existing clinical technologies. The FFC weighs only ≈150 g, is water resistant, and represents a robust alternative to traditional casts that can be i) manufactured at a large scale for a low cost; ii) applied to patients simply, rapidly (≈5 min), and reliably; and iii) removed easily with a pair of scissors.

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An Expanding Foam‐Fabric Orthopedic Cast

Vibration is ubiquitous as a mode of haptic communication, and is used widely in handheld devices to convey events and notifications. The miniaturization of electromechanical actuators that are used to generate these vibrations has enabled designers to embed such actuators in wearable devices, conveying vibration at the wrist and other locations on the body. However, the rigid housings of these actuators mean that such wearables cannot be fully soft and compliant at the interface with the user. Fluidic textile-based wearables offer an alternative mechanism for haptic feedback in a fabric-like form factor. To our knowledge, fluidically driven vibrotactile feedback has not been demonstrated in a wearable device without the use of valves, which can only enable low-frequency vibration cues and detract from wearability due to their rigid structure. We introduce a soft vibrotactile wearable, made of textile and elastomer, capable of rendering high-frequency vibration. We describe our design and fabrication methods and the mechanism of vibration, which is realized by controlling inlet pressure and harnessing a mechanical hysteresis. We demonstrate that the frequency and amplitude of vibration produced by our device can be varied based on changes in the input pressure, with 0.3 to 1.4 bar producing vibrations that range between 160 and 260 Hz at 13 to 38 g, the acceleration due to gravity. Our design allows for controllable vibrotactile feedback that is comparable in frequency and outperforms in amplitude relative to electromechanical actuators, yet has the compliance and conformity of fully soft wearable devices.

A Soft Approach to Convey Vibrotactile Feedback in Wearables Through Mechanical Hysteresis

A new sequential metalation strategy that enables the assembly of a new more robust reduced symmetry heterobimetallic [PdPtL4]4+ cage C is reported. By exploiting a low-symmetry ditopic ligand (L) that...

Exploiting Reduced-Symmetry Ligands with Pyridyl and Imidazole Donors to Construct a Second-Generation Stimuli-Responsive Heterobimetallic [PdPtL4]4+ Cage

Daniel J. Preston

Papers

A Catalogue of Orthogonal Complementary Ligand Pairings for Palladium(II) Complexes

Jumping-droplet energy harvesting with nanoengineered surfaces

An Expanding Foam‐Fabric Orthopedic Cast

A Soft Approach to Convey Vibrotactile Feedback in Wearables Through Mechanical Hysteresis

Exploiting Reduced-Symmetry Ligands with Pyridyl and Imidazole Donors to Construct a Second-Generation Stimuli-Responsive Heterobimetallic [PdPtL4]4+ Cage