Global production of farmed fish and shellfish has more than doubled in the past 15 years. Many people believe that such growth relieves pressure on ocean fisheries, but the opposite is true for some types of aquaculture. Farming carnivorous species requires large inputs of wild fish for feed. Some aquaculture systems also reduce wild fish supplies through habitat modification, wild seedstock collection and other ecological impacts. On balance, global aquaculture production still adds to world fish supplies; however, if the growing aquaculture industry is to sustain its contribution to world fish supplies, it must reduce wild fish inputs in feed and adopt more ecologically sound management practices.

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Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies

The environmental fate of phthalate esters: A literature review

(2002). The Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Aquatic Organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 113-390.

The Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Aquatic Organisms

Vibrios are ubiquitous and abundant in the aquatic environment. A high abundance of vibrios is also detected in tissues and/or organs of various marine algae and animals, e.g., abalones, bivalves, corals, fish, shrimp, sponges, squid, and zooplankton. Vibrios harbour a wealth of diverse genomes as revealed by different genomic techniques including amplified fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, repetetive extragenic palindrome PCR, ribotyping, and whole-genome sequencing. The 74 species of this group are distributed among four different families, i.e., Enterovibrionaceae, Photobacteriaceae, Salinivibrionaceae, and Vibrionaceae. Two new genera, i.e., Enterovibrio norvegicus and Grimontia hollisae, and 20 novel species, i.e., Enterovibrio coralii, Photobacterium eurosenbergii, V. brasiliensis, V. chagasii, V. coralliillyticus, V. crassostreae, V. fortis, V. gallicus, V. hepatarius, V. hispanicus, V. kanaloaei, V. neonatus, V. neptunius, V. pomeroyi, V. pacinii, V. rotiferianus, V. superstes, V. tasmaniensis, V. ezurae, and V. xuii, have been described in the last few years. Comparative genome analyses have already revealed a variety of genomic events, including mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, loss of genes by decay or deletion, and gene acquisitions through duplication or horizontal transfer (e.g., in the acquisition of bacteriophages, pathogenicity islands, and super-integrons), that are probably important driving forces in the evolution and speciation of vibrios. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics through the application of, e.g., microarrays will facilitate the investigation of the gene repertoire at the species level. Based on such new genomic information, the taxonomy and the species concept for vibrios will be reviewed in the next years.

Biodiversity of Vibrios

Preface. Selected Atomic Weights. Customary Metric Conversion Factors. 1. Water Quality and Aquaculture: Preliminary Considerations. 2. Ecology of Aquaculture Ponds. 3. Water Quality Requirements. 4. Water Use. 5. Liming. 6. Fertilization. 7. Aeration. 8. Water Circulation. 9. Turbidity and Appearance of Water. 10. Aquatic Weed Control. 11. Off-Flavors and Harmful Algae. 12. Pollution. 13. Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatments. 14. Waste Management. 15. Measurement of Water Quality. 16. Sustainability and Environmental Issues. References. Index.

Pond aquaculture water quality management

Blooms of a marine blue-green alga, Spirulina subsalsa, were found to cause a particular disease syndrome, called hemocytic enteritis, in tank or raceway-reared blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris). The disease was characterized by necrosis of the lining epithelium of the midgut and occasionally of the dorsal caecum and hindgut gland. Bacterial infections, due predominantly to Vibrio alginolyticus, were common in affected shrimp and were presumed to be a secondary condition resulting from necrosis of the gut epithelium. Intestinal lesions were induced in blue shrimp fed living cultures of S. subsalsa sp. as a diet supplement, but not in shrimp fed fresh cultures of other algal forms (Oscillatoria sp. and Nitzchia sp.) indigenous to the shrimp culture tank and raceways. Blue shrimp reared in tanks in which S. subsalsa was the dominant algal form showed reduced growth rates, reduced biomass, and reduced survival compared to shrimp reared in tanks in which Enteromorpha sp. and various diatom species were dominant.



Recent findings indicate that blooms of certain Oscillatoria sp. and possibly other blue-green species may also produce the syndrome in tank or raceway-reared blue shrimp.

Suspected blue-green algal poisoning in the blue shrimp

Occlusion bodies in wet mounts of phloxine-stained tissue squashes and paraffin sections of penaeid shrimp infected with Baculovirus penaei and Penaeus monodon-type baculovirus fluoresced when viewed with an epifluorescent microscope. Inclusions of hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus, infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, and Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus did not fluoresce. The use of phloxine stain (alone or as a component of an eosin preparation) and fluorescent microscopy may enhance detection of lowgrade infections by these disease-causing agents.

Unique physicochemical properties of the occluded penaeid shrimp baculoviruses and their use in diagnosis of infections

La aplicacion de bioseguridad al cultivo de camarones es clave en los esfuerzos, para prevenir enfermedades y danar la produccion.

Bioseguridad en el cultivo de camarones

Preliminary studies on the palatability, animal safety, and tissue residues of sarafloxacin-HCl in the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus vannamei

Standard in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for difloxacin and compared with the MICs of several other antimicrobials, against a standardized battery of 13 gram-negative bacterial isolates associated with shrimp disease. The palatability and safety (toxicity) of difloxacin to the shrimp Penaeus vannamei were also evaluated during 15 d of medicated feeding at 1× (100 mg/kg of feed), 2×, and 4× treatment levels to give doses of approximately 5, 10, and 20 mg difloxacin/kg body weight. A significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in difloxacin-medicated feed palatability was noted in the 2× and 4× trials. However, differences were still acceptable, because more than 80% of the feeds were consumed in both treatments relative to the control diet. Shrimp mortality rates increased with difloxacin level from 7% for the control treatment to 20% for the 4× treatment. Differences in percent survival were not significant (P > 0.05) by the Williams test; however, analysis of mean survival...

Evaluation of Difloxacin for Shrimp Aquaculture: In Vitro Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, Medicated Feed Palatability, and Toxicity to the Shrimp Penaeus vannamei

Donald V. Lightner

Papers

Suspected blue-green algal poisoning in the blue shrimp

Unique physicochemical properties of the occluded penaeid shrimp baculoviruses and their use in diagnosis of infections

Bioseguridad en el cultivo de camarones

Preliminary studies on the palatability, animal safety, and tissue residues of sarafloxacin-HCl in the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus vannamei

Evaluation of Difloxacin for Shrimp Aquaculture: In Vitro Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, Medicated Feed Palatability, and Toxicity to the Shrimp Penaeus vannamei