Global production of farmed fish and shellfish has more than doubled in the past 15 years. Many people believe that such growth relieves pressure on ocean fisheries, but the opposite is true for some types of aquaculture. Farming carnivorous species requires large inputs of wild fish for feed. Some aquaculture systems also reduce wild fish supplies through habitat modification, wild seedstock collection and other ecological impacts. On balance, global aquaculture production still adds to world fish supplies; however, if the growing aquaculture industry is to sustain its contribution to world fish supplies, it must reduce wild fish inputs in feed and adopt more ecologically sound management practices.

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Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies

The environmental fate of phthalate esters: A literature review

(2002). The Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Aquatic Organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 113-390.

The Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Aquatic Organisms

Vibrios are ubiquitous and abundant in the aquatic environment. A high abundance of vibrios is also detected in tissues and/or organs of various marine algae and animals, e.g., abalones, bivalves, corals, fish, shrimp, sponges, squid, and zooplankton. Vibrios harbour a wealth of diverse genomes as revealed by different genomic techniques including amplified fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, repetetive extragenic palindrome PCR, ribotyping, and whole-genome sequencing. The 74 species of this group are distributed among four different families, i.e., Enterovibrionaceae, Photobacteriaceae, Salinivibrionaceae, and Vibrionaceae. Two new genera, i.e., Enterovibrio norvegicus and Grimontia hollisae, and 20 novel species, i.e., Enterovibrio coralii, Photobacterium eurosenbergii, V. brasiliensis, V. chagasii, V. coralliillyticus, V. crassostreae, V. fortis, V. gallicus, V. hepatarius, V. hispanicus, V. kanaloaei, V. neonatus, V. neptunius, V. pomeroyi, V. pacinii, V. rotiferianus, V. superstes, V. tasmaniensis, V. ezurae, and V. xuii, have been described in the last few years. Comparative genome analyses have already revealed a variety of genomic events, including mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, loss of genes by decay or deletion, and gene acquisitions through duplication or horizontal transfer (e.g., in the acquisition of bacteriophages, pathogenicity islands, and super-integrons), that are probably important driving forces in the evolution and speciation of vibrios. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics through the application of, e.g., microarrays will facilitate the investigation of the gene repertoire at the species level. Based on such new genomic information, the taxonomy and the species concept for vibrios will be reviewed in the next years.

Biodiversity of Vibrios

Preface. Selected Atomic Weights. Customary Metric Conversion Factors. 1. Water Quality and Aquaculture: Preliminary Considerations. 2. Ecology of Aquaculture Ponds. 3. Water Quality Requirements. 4. Water Use. 5. Liming. 6. Fertilization. 7. Aeration. 8. Water Circulation. 9. Turbidity and Appearance of Water. 10. Aquatic Weed Control. 11. Off-Flavors and Harmful Algae. 12. Pollution. 13. Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatments. 14. Waste Management. 15. Measurement of Water Quality. 16. Sustainability and Environmental Issues. References. Index.

Pond aquaculture water quality management

Conventional histopathology and molecular methods, including dot blot hybridization with a specific DNA probe and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were used to assess the prevalence and degree of severity of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) infection in wild adult blue shrimp Penaeus stylirostris captured in the Northern Gulf of California. Through histopathological analysis, a presumptive diagnosis of IHHNV was initially determined by demonstrating the presence of Cowdry type A inclusion bodies. Prevalence rate ranged from 80% to 100% in females and was 60% in males. Using the dot blot technique, the results showed that the presence of IHHNV varied in females from 86% to 89% and in males from 56% to 57%. Results were further validated using PCR to assess the prevalence of IHHNV in eggs and sperm. The PCR results showed that IHHNV prevalence in unfertilized eggs was 100% and in sperm was 60%. We concluded that wild adults of P. stylirostris are infected with IHHNV bu...

Prevalence of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic NecrosisVirus (IHHNV) in Wild Adult Blue Shrimp Penaeus stylirostris from the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is widely distributed in most of the Asian countries where penaeid shrimp are cultured, as well as in some regions of the USA. Six geographic isolates of WSSV—1 each from penaeid shrimp from China, India, Thailand, and the US states of Texas and South Carolina, and 1 isolated from crayfish at the National Zoological Park in Washington, DC— were compared by combining the methods of restriction analysis and Southern blot hybridization. DNA was extracted from purified viruses and then digested with selected endonucleases: AccI, BglII, ClaI, BamHI, EcoRI, HindII, HaeI, SacI and XhoI. The blots were detected with digoxigenin-11- dUTP-labeled WSSV genomic probes: LN4, C42 and A6. No distinctive differences among the 5 WSSV isolates from penaeid shrimp were detected; however, differences in the WSSV isolate from crayfish were observed. A 2.8 kb DNA fragment originating from the crayfish isolate and encom- passing the LN4 region was subcloned into pBluescript and sequenced for comparison with the LN4 fragment from the Thailand WSSV isolate. The results indicate that some genomic components of WSSV from different geographic regions share a high degree of homology. This method can be used to distinguish between the WSSV isolate from crayfish and the WSSV isolates from penaeid shrimp.

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Identification of genomic variations among geographic isolates of white spot syndrome virus using restriction analysis and Southern blot hybridization

Histological and ultrastructural studies of abnormal lymphoid organs from a populat~on of cultured Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Decapoda) revealed the presence of a previously unreported virus infecting this group of marine invertebrate animals. Named L O W (lymphoid organ vacuolization virus), the virus was found in the cytoplasm of lymphoid organ cells which had a highly vacuolated cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic to pale basophilic, Feulgen negative, inclusion bodies. Many affected cells also possessed pyknotic or karyorrhectic nuclei. In some foci, affected lymphoid cells formed large multicellular spherical structures, termed spheroids, which lacked a central vessel. Icosahedral nucleocapsids averaging 30 nm in diameter were present in dense cytoplasn~ic aggregates, occasionally forming paracrystalline arrays, or a s single rows of particles thatwere closely associated with host cell membranes where they acquired their host-membrane-derived envelope. Purified enveloped virions had a buoyant density of 1.23 g ml-' and a diameter of 52 to 54 nm, while nucleocapsids were icosahedral in shape. 30 to 31 nm in diameter, and exhibited a buoyant density of 1.32 g ml-' Constitutive polypeptides had a molecular weight of 70. 60, 38 and 37 kDa. Based on its size, structure, and virogenesis, LOVV is considered to be a member of the Togaviridae.

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Partial characterization of a togavirus (LOVV) associated with histopathological changes of the lymphoid organ of penaeid shrimps

. Populations of Penaeus stylirostris, free of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), were divided into five size groups (PL2 [2-day-oldpostlarvae, approximately 5.0 mg], 3.7 g, 14.5 g, 21.3 g and 36.9 gaverage initial weight), and experimentally exposed to IHHNV per or. Statistical comparisons (histologically-derived) of infection severity ratings from six weekly sample periods indicated the relative abundance of pathognomonic Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion bodies (and, hence, the severity of the disease) differed between sizes. The results of comparisons showed a tendency for larger animals to have a significantly lower prevalence of inclusion bodies and associated histopathology than smaller animals. The results also indicated that the smaller (average weight) the group was, the shorter was the period of time from initial exposure to the first histological detection of the disease. Thus, the larger (in average weight) a population of P. stylirostris is upon initial exposure to IHHNV, the less acute will be disease manifestation within a given time and the longer will be the period before the disease is first histologically detectable. A predictive equation that defines the epizootiological relationship of IHHN disease within an intensively cultured population of P. stylirostris is also presented.

IHHN disease of Penaeus stylirostris: effects of shrimp size on disease expression

Induced resistance to white spot syndrome virus infection in Penaeus stylirostris through pre-infection with infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus: a preliminary study

Donald V. Lightner

Papers

Prevalence of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic NecrosisVirus (IHHNV) in Wild Adult Blue Shrimp Penaeus stylirostris from the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico

Identification of genomic variations among geographic isolates of white spot syndrome virus using restriction analysis and Southern blot hybridization

Partial characterization of a togavirus (LOVV) associated with histopathological changes of the lymphoid organ of penaeid shrimps

IHHN disease of Penaeus stylirostris: effects of shrimp size on disease expression

Induced resistance to white spot syndrome virus infection in Penaeus stylirostris through pre-infection with infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus: a preliminary study