抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Although homogeneous gold catalysis was known previously, an exponential growth was only induced 12 years ago. The key findings which induce that rise of the field are discussed. This includes early reactions of allenes and furanynes and intermediates of these conversions as well as hydroarylation reactions. Other substrate types addressed are alkynyl epoxides and N-propargyl carboxamides. Important vinylgold intermediates, the transmetalation from gold to other transition metals, the development of new ligands for gold catalysis, and significant contributions from computational chemistry are other crucial points for the field highlighted here.

Gold-Catalyzed Organic Reactions

Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride materials (for simplicity: g-C(3)N(4)) have attracted much attention in recent years because of their similarity to graphene. They are composed of C, N, and some minor H content only. In contrast to graphenes, g-C(3)N(4) is a medium-bandgap semiconductor and in that role an effective photocatalyst and chemical catalyst for a broad variety of reactions. In this Review, we describe the "polymer chemistry" of this structure, how band positions and bandgap can be varied by doping and copolymerization, and how the organic solid can be textured to make it an effective heterogenous catalyst. g-C(3)N(4) and its modifications have a high thermal and chemical stability and can catalyze a number of "dream reactions", such as photochemical splitting of water, mild and selective oxidation reactions, and--as a coactive catalytic support--superactive hydrogenation reactions. As carbon nitride is metal-free as such, it also tolerates functional groups and is therefore suited for multipurpose applications in biomass conversion and sustainable chemistry.

Polymeric Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Heterogeneous Organocatalyst: From Photochemistry to Multipurpose Catalysis to Sustainable Chemistry

Metal species with different size (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) show different catalytic behavior for various heterogeneous catalytic reactions. It has been shown in the literature that many factors including the particle size, shape, chemical composition, metal–support interaction, and metal–reactant/solvent interaction can have significant influences on the catalytic properties of metal catalysts. The recent developments of well-controlled synthesis methodologies and advanced characterization tools allow one to correlate the relationships at the molecular level. In this Review, the electronic and geometric structures of single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles will be discussed. Furthermore, we will summarize the catalytic applications of single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles for different types of reactions, including CO oxidation, selective oxidation, selective hydrogenation, organic reactions, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic reactions. We will compare the results o...

Metal Catalysts for Heterogeneous Catalysis: From Single Atoms to Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles.

The application of 3-dimensional Electrical Capacitance Tomography (3D-ECT) for the in-situ monitoring of a hard boundary/interface has been investigated using imaged phantoms that simulate real-life processes. A cylinder-in-tube phantom manufactured from polyethylene (PE), a low di-electric and non-conductive material, was imaged using the linear back projection (LBP) algorithm with the larger tube immersed at varying intervals to test the ability of the technique to image interfaces axially through the sensor. The interface between PE and air is clearly imaged and correlates to the known tube penetration within the sensor. The cylinder phantom is imaged in the centre of the sensor, however, the reduction in measurement density towards the centre of the ECT sensor results in reduced accuracy. A thresholding method, previously applied to binary systems to improve the imaged accuracy of a hard boundary between two separate phases, has been applied to the 3D-ECT tomograms that represent the PE phantom. This approach has been shown to improve the accuracy of the acquired image of a cylinder of air within a non-conductive PE tube.

/pdf/towards-3d-electrical-capacitance-tomography-for-interface-imbxlcvf7l.pdf

Towards 3D-Electrical Capacitance Tomography for interface detection

This paper investigates powder properties that are significant in determining how easily a powder may be incorporated into water to form a concentrated slurry. The slurryability of a powder is defined as the time and energy required to prepare a 50 wt % slurry as well as a threshold concentration at which 1 kJ is required to further increase the solid content by 1 wt % at the scale studied. Partial least-squares models relating powder properties to their slurryability are built on a data set of 13 powders. The most significant properties determining slurryability are the particle pore volume, powder bulk density, and the results of permeability and aeration tests on a powder rheometer. The D50 particle size and powder cohesion measurements are also relevant in the models. Through the measurement of only these six properties, the slurryability of two further powders, not included in the training data set, were predicted within ±10%.

/pdf/110th-anniversary-slurryability-what-makes-a-powder-hard-to-2biaks8ztq.pdf

110th Anniversary: Slurryability: What Makes a Powder Hard To Incorporate into a Slurry?

Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) has been used to determine the mixing performance of KM static mixers for the blending of Newtonian fluids (aqueous glycerol solutions) and time-independent non-Newtonian fluids (aqueous carbopol 940 solutions), whose rheology shows Herschel-Bulkley behaviour. The effect of number of mixing elements, fluid rheology and apparent viscosity ratio for two-fluid blending have been investigated at constant mixture velocity of 0.3 m s -1 . For two-fluid blending, the addition of a high viscosity stream into the lower viscosity main flow causes very poor mixing performance, with unmixed spots visible on the PLIF image. Determination of log variance and average striation thickness revealed conflicting trends. A combined area based method allows presentation of a criterion which combines aspects of both scale and intensity of segregation, which can be used in combination with conventional approaches.

E. Hugh Stitt

Papers

Towards 3D-Electrical Capacitance Tomography for interface detection

110th Anniversary: Slurryability: What Makes a Powder Hard To Incorporate into a Slurry?

A combined criterion to identify mixing performance for the blending of non-Newtonian fluids using a Kenics KM static mixer

The Eurokin consortium: origin, topics and aims

Non-kinetic phenomena in thermal analysis data; Computational fluid dynamics reactor studies