There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Nature’s hierarchical materials

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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

This paper proposes a phase modulation method for Lissajous scanning systems, which provides adaptive scan pattern design without changing the frame rate or the field of view. Based on a rigorous analysis of Lissajous scanning, phase modulation constrains and a method for pixel calculation are derived. An accurate and simple metric for resolution calculation is proposed based on the area spanned by neighboring pixels and used for scan pattern optimization also considering the scanner dynamics. The methods are implemented using MEMS mirrors for verification of the adaptive pattern shaping, where a 5-fold resolution improvement in a defined region of interest is demonstrated.

Adaptive Lissajous scanning pattern design by phase modulation

This paper proposes an efficient handing over from the internal stabilization to the external tracking control of a magnetically levitated platform, enabling precise robot-based measurements of free form surfaces. The platform prototype comprises two different sensor systems. The internal sensor system is used to stabilize the platform in a free-floating position with respect to the supporting frame (internal position control), while the external one enables the active compensation of disturbing vibrations by tracking a sample surface (external position control). Based on a cross-fading error gain, the control structure for each out-of-plane DoF comprises a single PID position controller for both control tasks of the platform. Measurement results demonstrate the platform’s capability of performing a simultaneous control transition in the out-of-plane DoFs, while it is stabilized in-plane. Different transition functions are applied to the cross-fading error gain. The findings show that a minimum jerk trajectory performs best regarding transition time and cross-coupling. Using this minimum jerk transition, the translational and rotational positioning errors in the three stabilizing in-plane DoFs are kept below 137 nm rms and 2.05 $\mu$rad rms, respectively.

An efficient control transition scheme between stabilization and tracking task of a MAGLEV platform enabling active vibration compensation

Detection methods and analytical devices have drawn increasing attention in recent years due to their direct impact on early detection, monitoring and diagnosis of disease in medical research. In this work, we describe a simple but so far unrecognized label-free method for surface-bound analyte detection, which could be applicable to a wide range of substances. In this respect, the feasibility and practical aspects of a micrometer-scale, poly-l-lysine-based, solid-phase assay for label-free analyte detection with electrostatic read-out are investigated. Micropatterned poly-l-lysine layers were produced using soft-lithography on mica and their electrostatic surface potential was determined using Kelvin-probe Force Microscopy. Ribose, a natural sugar, was used as analyte. Upon exposure to ribose, the surface potential changed from positive to negative in a reversible manner. We report for the first time the use of an electrostatic principle for assay read-out. This purely physical effect could be used to develop label- and marker-free assays for sugars, various other substances or, possibly, biosensors.

/pdf/electrostatic-read-out-for-label-free-assays-based-on-kelvin-1ocayd3psf.pdf

Electrostatic Read Out for Label‑Free Assays Based on Kelvin Force Principle

This paper demonstrates a vibration test for an operating resonant MEMS scanning system to evaluate the vibration immunity for automotive lidar applications. The MEMS mirror has a reinforcement structure on the backside of the mirror, causing vibration coupling by a mismatch between the center of mass and the rotation axis. An analysis of energy variation is proposed, showing direction dependency of vibration coupling. Vibration influences are evaluated by transient vibration response and vibration frequency sweep using a single tone vibration for translational y- and z- axis. The measurement results demonstrate standard deviation (STD) amplitude and frequency errors are up to 1.64 % and 0.26 %, respectively, for 2 grms single tone vibrations on y axis. The simulation results also show a good agreement with both measurements, proving the proposed vibration coupling mechanism of the MEMS mirror. The phased locked loop (PLL) improves the STD amplitude and frequency errors to 0.91 % and 0.15 % for y axis vibration, corresponding to 44.4 % and 43.0 % reduction, respectively, showing the benefit of a controlled MEMS mirror for reliable automotive MEMS lidars.

Vibration Influence Evaluation of a Resonant MEMS Scanning System for Automotive Lidars.

In Atomic Force Microscopy the force between the tip and the sample is controlled in a feedback loop in order to prevent damage to the tip and the sample during scanning, and also to convert the force measurement into an estimate of the sample topography In this paper it is experimentally shown that within the design of the control system a direct trade-off has to be made between the bandwidth of the feedback loop and the accuracy of the topography estimation due to the dynamical uncertainty of the systems Several method are suggested to reduce the dynamical uncertainty of the imaging system to allow both faster and more accurate AFM imaging Moreover, a method is discussed and experimentally validated to compensate for the loss in imaging accuracy due to the hysteresis within the piezoelectric actuators

Georg Schitter

Papers

Adaptive Lissajous scanning pattern design by phase modulation

An efficient control transition scheme between stabilization and tracking task of a MAGLEV platform enabling active vibration compensation

Electrostatic Read Out for Label‑Free Assays Based on Kelvin Force Principle

Vibration Influence Evaluation of a Resonant MEMS Scanning System for Automotive Lidars.

Trade-off between the control bandwidth and the measurement accuracy in Atomic Force Microscopy