Epstein-Barr virus.

Stem cells are defined as cells able to both extensively self-renew and differentiate into progenitors. Research data show that more resistant stem cells than common cancer cells exist in cancer patients.To identify unrecognized differences between cancer stem cells and cancer cells might be able to develope effective classification,diagnose and treat ment for cancer.

Stem Cells,Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells

Hemostasis encompasses the tightly regulated processes of blood clotting, platelet activation, and vascular repair After wounding, the hemostatic system engages a plethora of vascular and extravascular receptors that act in concert with blood components to seal off the damage inflicted to the vasculature and the surrounding tissue The first important component that contributes to hemostasis is the coagulation system, while the second important component starts with platelet activation, which not only contributes to the hemostatic plug, but also accelerates the coagulation system Eventually, coagulation and platelet activation are switched off by blood-borne inhibitors and proteolytic feedback loops This review summarizes new concepts of activation of proteases that regulate coagulation and anticoagulation, to give rise to transient thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation It further speculates on the (patho)physiological roles of intra- and extravascular receptors that operate in response to these proteases Furthermore, this review provides a new framework for understanding how signaling and adhesive interactions between endothelial cells, leukocytes, and platelets can regulate thrombus formation and modulate the coagulation process Now that the key molecular players of coagulation and platelet activation have become clear, and their complex interactions with the vessel wall have been mapped out, we can also better speculate on the causes of thrombosis-related angiopathies

New fundamentals in hemostasis

The human immune system has developed an elaborate network of cascades for dealing with microbial intruders. Owing to its ability to rapidly recognize and eliminate microorganisms, the complement system is an essential and efficient component of this machinery. However, many pathogenic organisms have found ways to escape the attack of complement through a range of different mechanisms. Recent discoveries in this field have provided important insights into these processes on a molecular level. These vital developments could augment our knowledge of the pathology and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases.

/pdf/complement-evasion-by-human-pathogens-1u6jh2yort.pdf

Complement evasion by human pathogens

Progress Toward In Vivo Use of siRNAs-II

Markers of stemness in equine mesenchymal stem cells: a plea for uniformity

The immune system has a variety of tools at its disposal to combat virus infections. These can be subdivided roughly into two categories: 'first line defence', consisting of the non-specific, innate immune system, and 'adaptive immune response', acquired over time following virus infection or vaccination. During evolution, viruses have developed numerous, and often very ingenious, strategies to counteract efficient recognition of virions or virus-infected cells by both innate and adaptive immunity. This review will focus on the different strategies that viruses use to avoid recognition by one of the components of the immune system: the complement system. Complement evasion is of particular importance for viruses, since complement activation is a crucial component of innate immunity (alternative and mannan-binding lectin activation pathway) as well as of adaptive immunity (classical, antibody-dependent complement activation).

Virus complement evasion strategies

During recent years, cell-based therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are reported in equine veterinary medicine with increasing frequency. In most cases, the isolation and in vitro differentiation of equine MSC are described, but their proper immunophenotypic characterization is rarely performed. The lack of a single marker specific for MSC and the limited availability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for equine MSC in particular, strongly hamper this research. In this study, 30 commercial mAbs were screened with flow cytometry for recognizing equine epitopes using the appropriate positive controls to confirm their specificity. Cross-reactivity was found and confirmed by confocal microscopy for CD45, CD73, CD79α, CD90, CD105, MHC-II, a monocyte marker, and two clones tested for CD29 and CD44. Unfortunately, none of the evaluated CD34 clones recognized the equine epitopes on positive control endothelial cells. Subsequently, umbilical cord blood-derived undifferentiated equine MSC of the fourth passage of six horses were characterized using multicolor flow cytometry based on the selected nine-marker panel of both cell surface antigens and intracytoplasmatic proteins. In addition, appropriate positive and negative controls were included, and the viable single cell population was analyzed by excluding dead cells using 7-aminoactinomycin D. Isolated equine MSC of the fourth passage were found to be CD29, CD44, CD90 positive and CD45, CD79α, MHC-II, and a monocyte marker negative. A variable expression was found for CD73 and CD105. Successful differentiation towards the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineage was used as additional validation. We suggest that this selected nine-marker panel can be used for the adequate immunophenotyping of equine MSC.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cyto.a.22026

In search for cross‐reactivity to immunophenotype equine mesenchymal stromal cells by multicolor flow cytometry

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nikolaus_Osterrieder/publication/24440852_A_single-nucleotide_polymorphism_in_a_herpesvirus_DNA_polymerase_is_sufficient_to_cause_lethal_neurological_disease/links/54340c270cf294006f7348b3.pdf

Gerlinde R. Van de Walle

Papers

Markers of stemness in equine mesenchymal stem cells: a plea for uniformity

Virus complement evasion strategies

In search for cross‐reactivity to immunophenotype equine mesenchymal stromal cells by multicolor flow cytometry

Investigation of the prevalence of neurologic equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) in a 23-year retrospective analysis (1984-2007).

The role of BRCA1 in DNA double-strand repair: past and present.