http://web.stanford.edu/group/brunet/Cell1999

Akt Promotes Cell Survival by Phosphorylating and Inhibiting a Forkhead Transcription Factor

Convergence of Probability Measures. By P. Billingsley. Chichester, Sussex, Wiley, 1968. xii, 253 p. 9 1/4“. 117s.

Convergence of Probability Measures

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important signal transducing enzymes, unique to eukaryotes, that are involved in many facets of cellular regulation. Initial research concentrated on defining the components and organization of MAPK signalling cascades, but recent studies have begun to shed light on the physiological functions of these cascades in the control of gene expression, cell proliferation and programmed cell death.

/pdf/mammalian-map-kinase-signalling-cascades-2wtn4qrixr.pdf

Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades

Cells undergo a variety of biological responses when placed in hypoxic conditions, including activation of signalling pathways that regulate proliferation, angiogenesis and death. Cancer cells have adapted these pathways, allowing tumours to survive and even grow under hypoxic conditions, and tumour hypoxia is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to radiation therapy. Many elements of the hypoxia-response pathway are therefore good candidates for therapeutic targeting.

Hypoxia — a key regulatory factor in tumour growth

Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: Transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation

The Role of ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in Lens Development

Lineage-specific Cre Tg mice are widely used to delineate the functions of genes in a tissue-specific manner. Several T-cell-specific promoter cassettes have been developed; however, the activities of those promoters in non-T cells have not been investigated extensively. Here, we report that CD2-Cre-mediated deletion of Erk proteins by generating CD2-Cre × Erk1-/-Erk2flox/flox (Erk∆CD2-Cre) mice results in abnormal cartilage hyperplasia. Histological analysis revealed that this abnormality is caused by aberrant hyperplasia of chondrocytes. The presence of Erk-deficient T cells is not required for this chondroma formation, as it was similarly observed in the absence of T cells in a CD3e-deficient background. In addition, adoptive transfer of bone marrow cells from Erk∆CD2-Cre mice to wild-type recipients did not cause chondroma formation, suggesting that Erk-deficient non-immune cells are responsible for this abnormality. By tracing Cre-expressed tissues using a ROSA26-STOP-RFP allele, we found that the chondroma emitted RFP fluorescence, indicating that functional Cre is expressed in hyperplastic chondrocytes in Erk∆CD2-Cre mice. Furthermore, RFP+ chondrocytes were also found in an Erk-sufficient background, albeit without aberrant growth. These results suggest that unexpected expression of CD2-driven Cre in chondrocytes generates Erk-deficient chondrocytes, resulting in hyperplastic cartilage formation. Recently, two independent reports showed that CD4-Cre-mediated Ras-Erk signaling ablation led to similar abnormal cartilage formation (Guittard, G., Gallardo, D. L., Li, W. et al. 2017. Unexpected cartilage phenotype in CD4-Cre-conditional SOS-deficient mice. Front. Immunol. 8:343; Wehenkel, M., Corr, M., Guy, C. S. et al. 2017. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in CD4-expressing cells inhibits osteochondromas. Front. Immunol. 8:482). Together with these reports, our study suggests that an unexpected link exists between T-like cell and chondrocyte lineages during ontogeny.

/pdf/spontaneous-chondroma-formation-in-cd2-cre-driven-erk-1c0mldek7w.pdf

Spontaneous chondroma formation in CD2-Cre-driven Erk-deficient mice.

Nous mettons en evidence dans cet article les liens profonds entre la pratique des jeux de hasard et la constitution des probabilites comme discipline mathematique au xviie siecle. En chemin nous evoquons brievement les facons fort differentes dont la notion de hasard est percue par ses « utilisateurs », avant d’entamer le long periple temporel separant la premiere loterie centralisee (Loterie de l’Ecole Militaire) sous Louis XV du Rapido de la Francaise des Jeux.

Hasard et duplicité

The present invention relates to a method of predicting or monitoring the sensitivity of a subject having a tumor, in particular renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to a cancer treatment, to a method of selecting an appropriate treatment of cancer, to a method of screening or identifying a compound suitable for improving the treatment of a cancer, and to corresponding kits.

Gilles Pagès

Papers

The Role of ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in Lens Development

Spontaneous chondroma formation in CD2-Cre-driven Erk-deficient mice.

Hasard et duplicité

Methods and kits for predicting the sensitivity of a subject suffering of renal cancer to cancer treatment

Optimal dual quantizers of 1D log-concave distributions: Uniqueness and Lloyd like algorithm