Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications.

Werner, Sabine, and Richard Grose. Regulation of Wound Healing by Growth Factors and Cytokines. Physiol Rev 83: 835–870, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00032.2002.—Cutaneous wound healing is a complex proce...

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Regulation of Wound Healing by Growth Factors and Cytokines

Background. In atopic asthma, activated T helper lymphocytes are present in bronchial-biopsy specimens and bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) fluid, and their production of cytokines may be important in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Different patterns of cytokine release are characteristic of certain subgroups of T helper cells, termed TH1 and TH2, the former mediating delayed-type hypersensitivity and the latter mediating IgE synthesis and eosinophilia. The pattern of cytokine production in atopic asthma is unknown. Methods. We assessed cells obtained by BAL in subjects with mild atopic asthma and in normal control subjects for the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for interleukin-2, 3, 4, and 5, granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon gamma by in situ hybridization with 32P-labeled complementary RNA. Localization of mRNA to BAL T cells was assessed by simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence and by in situ hybridization after immunomagnetic enrichment or...

Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma

中枢神経系疾患の治療は正常細胞（ニューロン）の機能維持を目的とするが，脳血管障害のように機能障害の原因が細胞の死滅に基づくことは多い．一方，脳腫瘍の治療においては薬物療法や放射線療法といった腫瘍細胞の死滅を目標とするものが大きな位置を占める．いずれの場合にも，細胞死の機序を理解することは各種病態や治療法の理解のうえで重要である．現在のところ最も研究の進んでいる細胞死の型はアポトーシスである．そのなかで重要な位置を占めるミトコンドリアにおける反応および抗アポトーシス因子について概要を紹介する．

Neuroscience 細胞死：最近の知見

Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system

The role of neurotrophic factors in the maintenance and survival of peripheral neuronal cells has been the subject of numerous studies. Administration of exogenous neurotrophic factors after nerve injury has been shown to mimic the effect of target organ-derived trophic factors on neuronal cells. After axotomy and during peripheral nerve regeneration, the neurotrophins NGF, NT-3 and BDNF show a well defined and selective beneficial effect on the survival and phenotypic expression of primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and of motoneurons in spinal cord. Other neurotrophic factors such as CNTF, GDNF and LIF also exert a variety of actions on neuronal cells, which appear to overlap and complement those of the neurotrophins. In addition, there is an indirect contribution of GGF to nerve regeneration. GGF is produced by neurons and stimulates proliferation of Schwann cells, underlining the close interaction between neuronal and glial cells during peripheral nerve regeneration. Different possibilities have been investigated for the delivery of growth factors to the injured neurons, in search of a suitable system for clinical applications. The studies reviewed in this article show the therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury and for neuropathies.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19410001.x

Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors

https://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/j.gough/lectures/te/nerve/adiposestem_schwann.pdf

Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro

Objectives

 To determine whether nerve growth factor (NGF) is elevated in painful conditions of the urinary bladder (idiopathic sensory urgency, interstitial cystitis and painful chronic cystitis).



Patients and methods

 Sixteen women patients were recruited from the Urodynamic Clinic at The Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital, London. Four each had idiopathic sensory urgency (mean age 34 years, range 24–51), chronic cystitis (mean age 51 years, range 40–79) and interstitial cystitis (mean age 41 years, range 29–53). Four women who had genuine stress incontinence on cystometry but with no irritative symptoms were used as controls (mean age 45 years, range 35–54). The levels of NGF were determined in bladder biopsies from all women and biopsy sections were immunostained to detect NGF.



Results

 The levels of NGF were higher in samples from all three painful bladder conditions than in samples from controls. Immunostaining showed increased NGF expression in the urothelium, most marked in patients with idiopathic sensory urgency.



Conclusions

 The increased level of NGF may explain several clinical and pathological features in these conditions, including sensitization of nociceptor fibres and increased numbers of mast cells. We propose that anti-NGF treatment may be a rational and effective treatment in intractable bladder pain.

Increased nerve growth factor levels in the urinary bladder of women with idiopathic sensory urgency and interstitial cystitis

Traumatic injuries resulting in peripheral nerve lesions often require a graft to bridge the gap. Although autologous nerve auto-graft is still the first-choice strategy in reconstructions, it has the severe disadvantage of the sacrifice of a functional nerve. Cell transplantation in a bioartificial conduit is an alternative strategy to create a favourable environment for nerve regeneration. We decided to test new fibrin nerve conduits seeded with various cell types (primary Schwann cells and adult stem cells differentiated to a Schwann cell-like phenotype) for repair of sciatic nerve injury. Two weeks after implantation, the conduits were removed and examined by immunohistochemistry for axonal regeneration (evaluated by PGP 9.5 expression) and Schwann cell presence (detected by S100 expression). The results show a significant increase in axonal regeneration in the group of fibrin seeded with Schwann cells compared with the empty fibrin conduit. Differentiated adipose-derived stem cells also enhanced regeneration distance in a similar manner to differentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. These observations suggest that adipose-derived stem cells may provide an effective cell population, without the limitations of the donor-site morbidity associated with isolation of Schwann cells, and could be a clinically translatable route towards new methods to enhance peripheral nerve repair.

https://www.jprasurg.com/article/S1748-6815(09)00633-0/pdf

Giorgio Terenghi

Papers

Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors

Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro

Increased nerve growth factor levels in the urinary bladder of women with idiopathic sensory urgency and interstitial cystitis

Adipose-derived stem cells enhance peripheral nerve regeneration

Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express glial markers and stimulate nerve regeneration.