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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Applications in Theranostics Guanying Chen,*,†,‡ Hailong Qiu,†,‡ Paras N. Prasad,*,‡,§ and Xiaoyuan Chen* †School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China ‡Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2281, United States

Upconversion Nanoparticles: Design, Nanochemistry, and Applications in Theranostics

4. Survey of Novel Multiphoton Active Materials 1257 4.1. Multiphoton Absorbing Systems 1257 4.2. Organic Molecules 1257 4.3. Organic Liquids and Liquid Crystals 1259 4.4. Conjugated Polymers 1259 4.4.1. Polydiacetylenes 1261 4.4.2. Polyphenylenevinylenes (PPVs) 1261 4.4.3. Polythiophenes 1263 4.4.4. Other Conjugated Polymers 1265 4.4.5. Dendrimers 1265 4.4.6. Hyperbranched Polymers 1267 4.5. Fullerenes 1267 4.6. Coordination and Organometallic Compounds 1271 4.6.1. Metal Dithiolenes 1271 4.6.2. Pyridine-Based Multidentate Ligands 1272 4.6.3. Other Transition-Metal Complexes 1273 4.6.4. Lanthanide Complexes 1275 4.6.5. Ferrocene Derivatives 1275 4.6.6. Alkynylruthenium Complexes 1279 4.6.7. Platinum Acetylides 1279 4.7. Porphyrins and Metallophophyrins 1279 4.8. Nanoparticles 1281 4.9. Biomolecules and Derivatives 1282 5. Nonlinear Optical Characterizations of Multiphoton Active Materials 1282

Multiphoton Absorbing Materials : Molecular Designs, Characterizations, and Applications

The fluorescence intensity ratio technique for optical fiber-based point temperature sensing is reviewed, including the materials suitable for this technique. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity ratio has been studied using thermally coupled energy levels in seven different rare earth ions doped into a variety of glasses and crystals. Sensor prototypes developed using Pr3+:ZBLANP, Nd3+-doped silica fiber and Yb3+-doped silica fiber as the sensing material have been used to measure temperatures covering the range of approximately −50 to 600 °C with a resolution of the order of 1 °C.

Fluorescence intensity ratio technique for optical fiber point temperature sensing

Solution combustion is an exciting phenomenon, which involves propagation of self-sustained exothermic reactions along an aqueous or sol–gel media. This process allows for the synthesis of a variety of nanoscale materials, including oxides, metals, alloys, and sulfides. This Review focuses on the analysis of new approaches and results in the field of solution combustion synthesis (SCS) obtained during recent years. Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactive solutions used in different chemical routes are considered, and the role of process parameters is discussed, emphasizing the chemical mechanisms that are responsible for rapid self-sustained combustion reactions. The basic principles for controlling the composition, structure, and nanostructure of SCS products, and routes to regulate the size and morphology of the nanoscale materials are also reviewed. Recently developed systems that lead to the formation of novel materials and unique structures (e.g., thin films and two-dimensional crystals) with unusual...

Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials

The effect of the presence of ytterbium (Yb3+) on the upconversion (UC) emission of erbium (Er3+) in yttrium silicate crystalline ceramic powders prepared by combustion synthesis was investigated under continuous wave (cw) near-infrared (λ = 975 nm) laser excitation. UC emission bands centered at ∼380, ∼410, ∼480, ∼530, ∼555 and ∼660 nm were identified, respectively, as 4f–4f transitions from Er3+ excited states 4G11/2, 2H9/2, 4F7/2, 2H11/2, 4S3/2 and 4F9/2. Aiming to photonics applications, the optical temperature sensor performance of this material was also investigated by measurements of the fluorescence intensity ratio of the signals at 530 and 555 nm in the temperature range of 300–600 K. The maximum sensor sensitivity found was ∼56 × 10−4 K−1. We observed that the maximum sensor sensitivity increased to ∼70 × 10−4 K−1 when the cw laser excitation was replaced by a pulsed (∼5 ns) laser excitation. The change in sensor sensitivity is attributed to optical heating of the sample that occurs under cw excitation.

Three-photon upconversion and optical thermometry characterization of Er3+:Yb3+ co-doped yttrium silicate powders

We investigated near-infrared-to-blue upconversion from thulium (Tm3+) doped in tellurite glasses upon continuous wave excitation near 800 nm. We observed an enhancement of over two orders of magnitude of the upconverted emission at ∼480 nm when neodymium (Nd3+) ions were codoped with Tm3+ ions. For comparison, using a Tm3+:Nd3+ codoped fluorozirconate glass as a reference material we observed a 40-fold enhancement of the blue emission. Analysis of the blue emission for samples with different doping levels of Nd3+ ions showed that energy transfer between Nd3+ and Tm3+ is the mechanism responsible for the enhancement in upconversion.

/pdf/blue-upconversion-enhancement-by-a-factor-of-200-in-tm3-10yl6jg8vb.pdf

Blue upconversion enhancement by a factor of 200 in Tm3+-doped tellurite glass by codoping with Nd3+ ions

We describe the characterization of a temperature sensor based on the infrared-to-visible frequency upconversion process excited in a sample of Er/sup 3+/-doped fluoroindate glass. The present results demonstrate the feasibility of constructing a compact practical device using a low-power CW 1.48-/spl mu/m diode laser as the excitation source.

/pdf/temperature-sensor-based-on-frequency-upconversion-in-er-sup-2h4yok8438.pdf

Temperature sensor based on frequency upconversion in Er/sup 3+/-doped fluoroindate glass

We report on efficient frequency upconversion in Er3+‐doped fluoroindate glasses. The process is observed under 1.48 μm laser diode excitation and results in the generation of strong blue (∼407 nm), green (∼550 nm), and red (∼670 nm) radiation. The main mechanism that allows for upconversion appears to be the energy transfer among Er3+ ions in excited states. The results illustrate the large potential of this new class of glasses for photonic applications.

/pdf/infrared-to-visible-cw-frequency-upconversion-in-er3-doped-3wxpiixndj.pdf

Infrared‐to‐visible CW frequency upconversion in Er3+‐doped fluoroindate glasses

The nonlinear absorption properties of a glass–ceramic containing ferroelectric sodium niobate (NaNbO3) crystallites were investigated. Two- and three-photon absorption coefficients were determined using nanosecond pulsed lasers. The optical power-limiting performance for light beams at 1064 and 532 nm was dependent on the volume fraction of NaNbO3 crystallites formed during the heat-treatment process.

Glauco S. Maciel

Papers

Three-photon upconversion and optical thermometry characterization of Er3+:Yb3+ co-doped yttrium silicate powders

Blue upconversion enhancement by a factor of 200 in Tm3+-doped tellurite glass by codoping with Nd3+ ions

Temperature sensor based on frequency upconversion in Er/sup 3+/-doped fluoroindate glass

Infrared‐to‐visible CW frequency upconversion in Er3+‐doped fluoroindate glasses

Optical limiting behavior of a glass–ceramic containing sodium niobate crystallites