Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8555786/file/8555788.pdf

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

In 2009, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) proposed a set of recommendations for the definition of distinct cell death morphologies and for the appropriate use of cell death-related terminology, including 'apoptosis', 'necrosis' and 'mitotic catastrophe'. In view of the substantial progress in the biochemical and genetic exploration of cell death, time has come to switch from morphological to molecular definitions of cell death modalities. Here we propose a functional classification of cell death subroutines that applies to both in vitro and in vivo settings and includes extrinsic apoptosis, caspase-dependent or -independent intrinsic apoptosis, regulated necrosis, autophagic cell death and mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, we discuss the utility of expressions indicating additional cell death modalities. On the basis of the new, revised NCCD classification, cell death subroutines are defined by a series of precise, measurable biochemical features.

/pdf/molecular-definitions-of-cell-death-subroutines-q5g428rlyi.pdf

Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012

Autophagy is a mechanism by which cellular material is delivered to lysosomes for degradation, leading to the basal turnover of cell components and providing energy and macromolecular precursors. Autophagy has opposing, context-dependent roles in cancer, and interventions to both stimulate and inhibit autophagy have been proposed as cancer therapies. This has led to the therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cancer to be sometimes viewed as controversial. In this Review, we suggest a way forwards for the effective targeting of autophagy by understanding the context-dependent roles of autophagy and by capitalizing on modern approaches to clinical trial design.

/pdf/targeting-autophagy-in-cancer-2pjcn0h04a.pdf

Targeting autophagy in cancer

Recently, more than 1000 large intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have been reported. These RNAs are evolutionarily conserved in mammalian genomes and thus presumably function in diverse biological processes. Here, we report the identification of lincRNAs that are regulated by p53. One of these lincRNAs (lincRNA-p21) serves as a repressor in p53-dependent transcriptional responses. Inhibition of lincRNA-p21 affects the expression of hundreds of gene targets enriched for genes normally repressed by p53. The observed transcriptional repression by lincRNA-p21 is mediated through the physical association with hnRNP-K. This interaction is required for proper genomic localization of hnRNP-K at repressed genes and regulation of p53 mediates apoptosis. We propose a model whereby transcription factors activate lincRNAs that serve as key repressors by physically associating with repressive complexes and modulate their localization to sets of previously active genes.

A Large Intergenic Noncoding RNA Induced by p53 Mediates Global Gene Repression in the p53 Response

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved transport pathway where targeted structures are sequestered by phagophores, which mature into autophagosomes, and then delivered into lysosomes for degradati...

/pdf/chloroquine-inhibits-autophagic-flux-by-decreasing-29tresuftu.pdf

Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion.

The vascular adventitia is activated in a variety of vascular disease states but its role in cerebral vasospasm has been easily disregarded. Since oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) is implicated as one of the most important spasmogens for cerebral vasospasm that follows aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 1–200 μM of oxyHb were used in this study to mimic the clinical situation, and the effects of oxyHb on cells proliferation and migration of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells was investigated. Morphological and biochemical techniques, such as MTT assay, flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, monolayer-wounding and Boyden’s chamber migration assay were used. Results showed that low concentration of oxyHb (1–100 μM) increase the proliferation and migration of cultured VAFs. On the contrary, high concentration of oxyHb (200 μM) inhibit proliferation and migration of cultured vascular advential fibroblasts (VAFs). This study provides in vitro evidence that oxyhemoglob in could affect the proliferation and migration of cultured VAFs. The results support the hypothesis that VAFs may play a significant role in the vascular response to injury after SAH, and may be a novel potential therapeutic target in future.

The effect of oxyhemoglobin on the proliferation and migration of cultured vascular advential fibroblasts

Region of interest segmentation is essential for computer aided application of THz imaging. However, THz images is severely degraded by motion blur, poor resolution and noise. A robust, accurate and time-saving algorithm is in dire need for the ROI segmentation of THz images. Recently, ROI segmentation of THz-TDS images and passive THz images has been widely studied. While the ROI segmentation of THz continuous wave (CW) image is still in its infancy. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid ROI segmentation method for THz CW images. The hybrid method combines block match 3D denoising, fuzzy c-means clustering, morphology operation and canny edge detection. The hybrid method is implemented to two images acquired with a THz CW reflection imaging system. To evaluate the performance of our algorithm, we calculated the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. As the result indicates, this hybrid ROI segmentation method performs well for THz images.

A hybrid-algorithm-based region of interest segmentation in THz imaging

BACKGROUND Colonoscopy is essential for the diagnosis of intestinal Behcet’s disease (BD), which is characterized by a typical oval-shaped ulcer in the ileocecal region. However, potential risks of colonoscopy have rarely been reported. CASE SUMMARY Herein, we describe a patient with intestinal BD who presented with decreased oxygen saturation and shortness of breath during a diagnostic colonoscopy. Bilateral pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum and subcutaneous emphysema of the neck, chest, abdomen, back and scrotum were confirmed by computed tomography scan. The sudden change in condition was considered to be associated with iatrogenic bowel perforation. After receiving closed thoracic drainage and conservative therapy, the patient was discharged in stable condition. CONCLUSION Endoscopists should be aware of the risks of colonoscopy in patients with intestinal BD and the possibility of pneumothorax associated with intestinal perforation and make adequate preparations before colonoscopy.

https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i6.2030

Bilateral pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum during colonoscopy in a patient with intestinal Behcet’s disease: A case report

In this paper, a novel strategy for diagnosis of bTBI is proposed by measuring terahertz (THz) spectroscopy of serum in a rat model. A compressed air-driven shock wave generator was used to establish bTBI model of rats. It was validated by a neurological deficit assessment method. The spectral differences of serum for different degrees of bTBI rats have been demonstrated by THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Moreover, based on the THz spectra of serum, the principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) were performed to automatically identify the degrees of bTBI. The results indicate that THz spectroscopy could provide a sensitive, rapid and label-free diagnosis method for bTBI.

Diagnosis of blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rat based on terahertz spectroscopy of serum

We measured the refractive indices, absorption coefficients and complex dielectric constants of paraffin-embedded brain glioma and normal brain tissues using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system (THz-TDS). The results show distinct differences of aforementioned THz properties between brain glioma and normal tissues. The suitable THz frequency for varies imaging methods (intensity, coherent or pulsed imaging) for paraffin-embedded brain glioma are analyzed.

Hua Feng

Papers

The effect of oxyhemoglobin on the proliferation and migration of cultured vascular advential fibroblasts

A hybrid-algorithm-based region of interest segmentation in THz imaging

Bilateral pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum during colonoscopy in a patient with intestinal Behcet’s disease: A case report

Diagnosis of blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rat based on terahertz spectroscopy of serum

Study of paraffin-embedded brain glioma using terahertz spectroscopy