비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

By 27 February 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused 82 623 confirmed cases and 2858 deaths globally, more than severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (8273 cases, 775 deaths) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (1139 cases, 431 deaths) caused in 2003 and 2013, respectively. COVID-19 has spread to 46 countries internationally. Total fatality rate of COVID-19 is estimated at 3.46% by far based on published data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). Average incubation period of COVID-19 is around 6.4 days, ranges from 0 to 24 days. The basic reproductive number (R0 ) of COVID-19 ranges from 2 to 3.5 at the early phase regardless of different prediction models, which is higher than SARS and MERS. A study from China CDC showed majority of patients (80.9%) were considered asymptomatic or mild pneumonia but released large amounts of viruses at the early phase of infection, which posed enormous challenges for containing the spread of COVID-19. Nosocomial transmission was another severe problem. A total of 3019 health workers were infected by 12 February 2020, which accounted for 3.83% of total number of infections, and extremely burdened the health system, especially in Wuhan. Limited epidemiological and clinical data suggest that the disease spectrum of COVID-19 may differ from SARS or MERS. We summarize latest literatures on genetic, epidemiological, and clinical features of COVID-19 in comparison to SARS and MERS and emphasize special measures on diagnosis and potential interventions. This review will improve our understanding of the unique features of COVID-19 and enhance our control measures in the future.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmv.25748

Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures.

A review of techniques, advances and outstanding issues in numerical modelling for rock mechanics and rock engineering

The Mohr–Coulomb (M–C) fracture criterion is revisited with an objective of describing ductile fracture of isotropic crack-free solids. This criterion has been extensively used in rock and soil mechanics as it correctly accounts for the effects of hydrostatic pressure as well as the Lode angle parameter. It turns out that these two parameters, which are critical for characterizing fracture of geo-materials, also control fracture of ductile metals (Bai and Wierzbicki 2008; Xue 2007; Barsoum 2006; Wilkins et al. 1980). The local form of the M–C criterion is transformed/extended to the spherical coordinate system, where the axes are the equivalent strain to fracture $${\bar \varepsilon_f}$$
 , the stress triaxiality η, and the normalized Lode angle parameter $${\bar \theta}$$
 . For a proportional loading, the fracture surface is shown to be an asymmetric function of $${\bar \theta}$$
 . A detailed parametric study is performed to demonstrate the effect of model parameters on the fracture locus. It was found that the M–C fracture locus predicts almost exactly the exponential decay of the material ductility with stress triaxiality, which is in accord with theoretical analysis of Rice and Tracey (1969) and the empirical equation of Hancock and Mackenzie (1976), Johnson and Cook (1985). The M–C criterion also predicts a form of Lode angle dependence which is close to parabolic. Test results of two materials, 2024-T351 aluminum alloy and TRIP RA-K40/70 (TRIP690) high strength steel sheets, are used to calibrate and validate the proposed M–C fracture model. Another advantage of the M–C fracture model is that it predicts uniquely the orientation of the fracture surface. It is shown that the direction cosines of the unit normal vector to the fracture surface are functions of the “friction” coefficient in the M–C criterion. The phenomenological and physical sound M–C criterion has a great potential to be used as an engineering tool for predicting ductile fracture.

Application of extended Mohr–Coulomb criterion to ductile fracture

The purpose of this review is to discuss the development and the state of the art in dynamic testing techniques and dynamic mechanical behaviour of rock materials. The review begins by briefly introducing the history of rock dynamics and explaining the significance of studying these issues. Loading techniques commonly used for both intermediate and high strain rate tests and measurement techniques for dynamic stress and deformation are critically assessed in Sects. 2 and 3. In Sect. 4, methods of dynamic testing and estimation to obtain stress–strain curves at high strain rate are summarized, followed by an in-depth description of various dynamic mechanical properties (e.g. uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, shear strength and fracture toughness) and corresponding fracture behaviour. Some influencing rock structural features (i.e. microstructure, size and shape) and testing conditions (i.e. confining pressure, temperature and water saturation) are considered, ending with some popular semi-empirical rate-dependent equations for the enhancement of dynamic mechanical properties. Section 5 discusses physical mechanisms of strain rate effects. Section 6 describes phenomenological and mechanically based rate-dependent constitutive models established from the knowledge of the stress–strain behaviour and physical mechanisms. Section 7 presents dynamic fracture criteria for quasi-brittle materials. Finally, a brief summary and some aspects of prospective research are presented.

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A Review of Dynamic Experimental Techniques and Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Materials

Rock Mechanics in Civil and Environmental Engineering

As a key dynamic feature of the rock mass, joint results in wave attenuation when a stress wave propagates across it. An experimental study has obtained the relation between the transmission coefficient and the contact area ratio of joints with different thicknesses (Chen et al. (doi:
 10.1007/s00603-015-0716-z
 )). However, the spatial geometry of the contact surface also determines the dynamic behavior of the discontinuous masses. Thus, the present study is focused on the effects of distribution and dimension of the sawn notches on the contact surface of the joint, which lead to the different spatial geometry. The joint matching coefficient (JMC) was used in this study to define the contact condition. Using a modified SHPB apparatus, all the bars and specimens were aluminum, and the artificial joint formed a rough surface of the specimen contacted to the output bar. Based on the wave separation method, the incident, reflected and transmitted waves across the joint were acquired from the records of the strain gauges on pressure bars. Then the transmission coefficient and specific stiffness of the joint were obtained. Comparisons of them were made on different JMCs, spatial geometries and thicknesses of the joint.

A Further Study on Wave Propagation Across a Single Joint with Different Roughness

Though obliquely incident plane wave across rock fractures has been extensively investigated by theoretical analysis, the quantitative identification of each wave emerged from fractures has not been achieved either in numerical simulation or laboratory experiment. On the other hand, there are no theoretical results describing the stress/velocity state of the rocks beside a fracture. The superposition of the multiple waves propagating in the media results in the variation of the stress/velocity state. To understand the superposition of the wave components in the adjacent rocks of a facture, based on the geometrical analysis of the wave paths, the lag times among passing waves at an arbitrary point are determined. The normalised critical distances from the fracture to the measuring locations where the corresponding harmonic waves depart from other waves for a certain duration are then derived. Discussion on the correction for an arbitrary incident wave is then carried out considering the changes of the duration of the reflected and transmitted waves. Under the guidance of the analysis, wave superposition is performed for theoretical results and separated waves are obtained from numerical model. They are demonstrated to be consistent with each other. The measurement and the data processing provide an approach for wave separation in a relatively unbounded media. In addition, based on the mechanical analysis on the wave front, an indirect wave separation method is proposed which provides a possibility for laboratory experiments of wave propagation with an arbitrary incident angle.

Wave propagation in the vicinities of rock fractures under obliquely incident wave

Hugoniot equation of state of the Bukit Timah granite

Dynamics, as a branch of mechanics, deals with dynamic load (stress), deformation
(strain) and failure (fracturing) in relation to time. Hence rock dynamics covers a
wide scope, ranging from the initiation of dynamic loads, forms of dynamic loads,
transmission and attenuation of dynamic loads, rock fracturing and damage under
dynamic loading, to support of rock under dynamic conditions.

Jian Zhao

Papers

Rock Mechanics in Civil and Environmental Engineering

A Further Study on Wave Propagation Across a Single Joint with Different Roughness

Wave propagation in the vicinities of rock fractures under obliquely incident wave

Hugoniot equation of state of the Bukit Timah granite

An overview of some recent progress in rock dynamics research