The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

「脆弱性(Vulnerability)」とは何か

Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents. This Standard, a revision of ASCE/SEI 7-05, offers a complete update and reorganization of the wind load provisions, expanding them from one chapter into six. The Standard contains new ultimate event wind maps with corresponding reductions in load factors, so that the loads are not affected, and updates the seismic loads with new risk-targeted seismic maps. The snow, live, and atmospheric icing provisions are updated as well. In addition, the Standard includes a detailed Commentary with explanatory and supplementary information designed to assist building code committees and regulatory authorities. Standard ASCE/SEI 7 is an integral part of building codes in the United States. Many of the load provisions are substantially adopted by reference in the International Building Code and the NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code. Structural engineers, architects, and those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes will find this Standard an essential reference in their practice. Note: New orders are fulfilled from the second printing, which incorporates the errata to the first printing.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

Trees, and their derivative products, have been used by societies around the world for thousands of years. Contemporary construction of tall buildings from timber, in whole or in part, suggests a growing interest in the potential for building with wood at a scale not previously attainable. As wood is the only significant building material that is grown, we have a natural inclination that building in wood is good for the environment. But under what conditions is this really the case? The environmental benefits of using timber are not straightforward; although it is a natural product, a large amount of energy is used to dry and process it. Much of this can come from the biomass of the tree itself, but that requires investment in plant, which is not always possible in an industry that is widely distributed among many small producers. And what should we build with wood? Are skyscrapers in timber a good use of this natural resource, or are there other aspects of civil and structural engineering, or large-scale infrastructure, that would be a better use of wood? Here, we consider a holistic picture ranging in scale from the science of the cell wall to the engineering and global policies that could maximise forestry and timber construction as a boon to both people and the planet.

The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction

Light-frame wood buildings have performed well with regard to life safety during recent U.S. earthquakes with several exceptions being the Loma Prieta and Northridge earthquakes. In these earthquakes, particularly Northridge, there was substantial damage resulting from several and perhaps even a single large amplitude inter-story drift during seismic excitation. Designing buildings to be more resilient to earthquakes is the impetus for the study presented in this paper. Architectural features and the ever-increasing demand for larger (and more) windows reduces the strength and stiffness of light-frame wood structures necessitating alternative procedures to be considered. An alternative procedure is developed and presented in this paper. Superelastic shape memory alloys (SMA’s) which have been shown to perform well as energy dissipation devices thereby improving the response of civil engineering systems to earthquakes, are applied to modify the response of light-frame wood building systems with large openings. Fragility curves and design charts for a range of seismic weights and desired performance levels are developed for a portfolio of SMA walls to be treated as replacement walls for wood shear walls in design or retrofit. The design of a large custom residential building using this technology is presented and performance verification is achieved using nonlinear time history analysis.

Low Cost Shape Memory Alloy Devices for Seismic Response Modification of Light-Frame Wood Buildings

Spray dryer absorber (SDA) material, also known as spray dryer ash, is a byproduct of coal combustion and flue gas scrubbing processes that has self-cementing properties similar to those of class C fly ash. SDA material does not usually meet the existing standards for use as a pozzolan in Portland cement concrete due to its characteristically high sulfur content, and thus unlike fly ash, it is rarely put to beneficial use. This paper presents the results of a study with the objective of developing beneficial uses for SDA material in building materials when combined with tire fiber reinforcement originating from a recycling process. Specifically, spray dryer ash was investigated for use as the primary or even the sole binding component in a mortar or concrete. This study differs from previous research in that it focuses on very high contents of spray dryer ash (80 to 100 percent) in a hardened product. The overarching objective is to divert products that are normally sent to landfills and provide benefit to society in beneficial applications.

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Cementitious Spray Dryer Ash-Tire Fiber Material for Maximizing Waste Diversion

Development of steel design details and selection criteria for cost effective and innovative steel bridges in Colorado : CDOT study no. 85-00 final report.

A fully integrated model of interdependent physical and social infrastructure systems

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2013/fpl_2013_lindt003.pdf

John W. van de Lindt

Papers

Low Cost Shape Memory Alloy Devices for Seismic Response Modification of Light-Frame Wood Buildings

Cementitious Spray Dryer Ash-Tire Fiber Material for Maximizing Waste Diversion

Development of steel design details and selection criteria for cost effective and innovative steel bridges in Colorado : CDOT study no. 85-00 final report.

A fully integrated model of interdependent physical and social infrastructure systems

Full-scale Dynamic Testing of Soft-Story Retrofitted and Un-Retrofitted Woodframe Buildings