The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

「脆弱性(Vulnerability)」とは何か

Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents. This Standard, a revision of ASCE/SEI 7-05, offers a complete update and reorganization of the wind load provisions, expanding them from one chapter into six. The Standard contains new ultimate event wind maps with corresponding reductions in load factors, so that the loads are not affected, and updates the seismic loads with new risk-targeted seismic maps. The snow, live, and atmospheric icing provisions are updated as well. In addition, the Standard includes a detailed Commentary with explanatory and supplementary information designed to assist building code committees and regulatory authorities. Standard ASCE/SEI 7 is an integral part of building codes in the United States. Many of the load provisions are substantially adopted by reference in the International Building Code and the NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code. Structural engineers, architects, and those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes will find this Standard an essential reference in their practice. Note: New orders are fulfilled from the second printing, which incorporates the errata to the first printing.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

Trees, and their derivative products, have been used by societies around the world for thousands of years. Contemporary construction of tall buildings from timber, in whole or in part, suggests a growing interest in the potential for building with wood at a scale not previously attainable. As wood is the only significant building material that is grown, we have a natural inclination that building in wood is good for the environment. But under what conditions is this really the case? The environmental benefits of using timber are not straightforward; although it is a natural product, a large amount of energy is used to dry and process it. Much of this can come from the biomass of the tree itself, but that requires investment in plant, which is not always possible in an industry that is widely distributed among many small producers. And what should we build with wood? Are skyscrapers in timber a good use of this natural resource, or are there other aspects of civil and structural engineering, or large-scale infrastructure, that would be a better use of wood? Here, we consider a holistic picture ranging in scale from the science of the cell wall to the engineering and global policies that could maximise forestry and timber construction as a boon to both people and the planet.

The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction

Approximately 1,200 tornadoes impact the United States every year with a percentage of these resulting in significant damage, injuries, and fatalities. Initially, a probabilistic tornado hazard analysis was performed in order to develop tornado hazard curves at select locations across the United States. This analysis resulted in the annual probability of experiencing a tornado of any strength at the specific locations, which varied as a function of location-specific occurrence rates. Five different residential wood-frame building archetypes were designed at each of the locations based on current residential building code and/or practice. Fragilities for the roof sheathing and truss to wall top-plate connections were developed for each archetype. Because fragilities are independent of location, they were then convolved with the tornado hazard curves to compute annual failure probabilities for select roof components. This represents the first time absolute risk of roof failure due to tornadoes has b...

Tornado Risk Analysis for Residential Wood-Frame Roof Damage across the United States

Numerical modeling of non-breaking, impulsive breaking, and broken wave interaction with elevated coastal structures: Laboratory validation and inter-model comparisons

This paper presents the method and results of a study whose objective was to investigate the seismic performance of a new light- frame cold-formed steel-frame system. The system includes floor trusses, open panels, V-braced panels, columns, and connections. To do this, aseriesofreversed-cyclictestswereconductedonsubassemblies.Theresultsofthisexperimentalprogramprovidedinsightintothebehaviorof the subassemblies under cyclic loading, which in turn provided key information for numerical modeling of the subassemblies and the whole systemaswellasfailuremechanismsoftheframe.Nonlineartimehistoryanalyseswereperformedusinganewformulation fora4-storyframe usingasuiteofearthquakegroundmotionstodemonstratethebehaviorofatypicalV-bracedsysteminamoderateearthquake.Bothtestresults andnumericalanalysisindicatethatthesystemhasgoodductilityasaresultofthescrewedplateconnectionsbetweenthelight-gaugemembers and between the light-gauge members and square columns. The frame system performed very well at four stories making it a viable midrise construction option in seismic regions of the United States and around the world. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000683. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Cold-formed steel; Bracing; Earthquake loads; Steel frames; Seismic effects. Author keywords: Cold-formed steel; V-brace; Earthquake loading; Light frame; light-gauge steel; Seismic performance.

Seismic Performance of an Innovative Light-Frame Cold-Formed Steel Frame for Midrise Construction

These two companion papers focus on the development of a coupled socioeconomic and engineering framework for community-level seismic resilience. The coupling of these two systems is used to...

John W. van de Lindt

Papers

Tornado Risk Analysis for Residential Wood-Frame Roof Damage across the United States

Numerical modeling of non-breaking, impulsive breaking, and broken wave interaction with elevated coastal structures: Laboratory validation and inter-model comparisons

Seismic Performance of an Innovative Light-Frame Cold-Formed Steel Frame for Midrise Construction

Community-Level Framework for Seismic Resilience. I: Coupling Socioeconomic Characteristics and Engineering Building Systems

Building damage observations and ef classifications from the tuscaloosa, al and joplin, mo tornadoes