The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

「脆弱性(Vulnerability)」とは何か

Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents. This Standard, a revision of ASCE/SEI 7-05, offers a complete update and reorganization of the wind load provisions, expanding them from one chapter into six. The Standard contains new ultimate event wind maps with corresponding reductions in load factors, so that the loads are not affected, and updates the seismic loads with new risk-targeted seismic maps. The snow, live, and atmospheric icing provisions are updated as well. In addition, the Standard includes a detailed Commentary with explanatory and supplementary information designed to assist building code committees and regulatory authorities. Standard ASCE/SEI 7 is an integral part of building codes in the United States. Many of the load provisions are substantially adopted by reference in the International Building Code and the NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code. Structural engineers, architects, and those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes will find this Standard an essential reference in their practice. Note: New orders are fulfilled from the second printing, which incorporates the errata to the first printing.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

Trees, and their derivative products, have been used by societies around the world for thousands of years. Contemporary construction of tall buildings from timber, in whole or in part, suggests a growing interest in the potential for building with wood at a scale not previously attainable. As wood is the only significant building material that is grown, we have a natural inclination that building in wood is good for the environment. But under what conditions is this really the case? The environmental benefits of using timber are not straightforward; although it is a natural product, a large amount of energy is used to dry and process it. Much of this can come from the biomass of the tree itself, but that requires investment in plant, which is not always possible in an industry that is widely distributed among many small producers. And what should we build with wood? Are skyscrapers in timber a good use of this natural resource, or are there other aspects of civil and structural engineering, or large-scale infrastructure, that would be a better use of wood? Here, we consider a holistic picture ranging in scale from the science of the cell wall to the engineering and global policies that could maximise forestry and timber construction as a boon to both people and the planet.

The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction

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A Critical Appraisal of Community Resilience Studies: Progress and Challenges | NIST

Corrosion of steel beams caused by deicing media is a common problem in northern and mountainous regions of the United States. A common problem is deterioration of steel beam ends in the web and flange near or directly above the bearing area. This results in decreased shear capacity, web-crippling, and web-buckling capacity. This paper presents the results of a study sponsored by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) to provide the structural analyst with a simplified, accurate, rapid, and slightly conservative approach for computing the reduced capacity of a rolled steel section. The approach is based on the results of several hundred three-dimensional finite element analyses for a suite of 16 typical steel bridges. The most common shapes and locations for steel beam end deterioration were identified by reviewing detailed inspection reports. Finite element analyses for the steel beam ends with simulated damage of various sizes and shapes was performed with the finite element software ABAQUS. A...

Alternate Approach to Approximating Deteriorated Steel Beam End Capacity

The resilience of a community is defined as its ability to prepare for, withstand, recover from and adapt to the effects of natural or human-caused disasters, and depends on the performance of the built environment and on supporting social, economic and public institutions that are essential for immediate response and long-term recovery and adaptation. The performance of the built environment generally is governed by codes, standards, and regulations, which are applicable to individual facilities and residences, are based on different performance criteria, and do not account for the interdependence of buildings, transportation, utilities and other infrastructure sectors. The National Institute of Standards and Technology recently awarded a new Center of Excellence (NIST-CoE) for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning, which is headquartered at Colorado State University and involves nine additional universities. Research in this Center is focusing on three major research thrusts: (1) developing the NIST-Community Resilience Modeling Environment known as NIST-CORE, thereby enabling alternative strategies to enhance community resilience to be measured quantitatively; (2) developing a standardized data ontology, robust data architecture and data management tools in support of NIST-CORE; and (3) performing a comprehensive set of hindcasts on disasters to validate the data architecture and NIST-CORE.

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Computational environment for modeling and enhancing community resilience: Introducing the center for risk-based community resilience planning


 The direct physical loss from a tornado is one possible factor in considering resilience goals for a community. Estimating such loss has historically been achieved either through analysis of empirical data from historical events meant to then match future hypothetical events or through a cost analysis based on a building's damage state. These approaches provide a solid baseline for estimating loss from wind events; however, gathering data from historical events may assume all locations are the same, while analyses based solely on the building damage state may not include a building's contents. This study builds on work previously established in determining loss from building damage state fragilities, by including a loss to the building's interior (including contents) based on Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) HAZUS equations. The approach laid out in this paper is then validated, showing what is deemed an acceptable level of accuracy, using the May 22, 2011 Joplin tornado that devastated the local community. Once validated, the same tornado path is relocated in different directions, ultimately crossing most of city of Joplin in four additional hypothetical scenarios. The results of both hindcasting the 2011 Joplin tornado and its hypothetical track variations show commercial (nonresidential) type buildings as key in contributing to the direct physical loss of a wind event. Ultimately, this provides decision makers with a point of consideration when evaluating their community's resilience goals.

John W. van de Lindt

Papers

A Critical Appraisal of Community Resilience Studies: Progress and Challenges | NIST

Alternate Approach to Approximating Deteriorated Steel Beam End Capacity

Computational environment for modeling and enhancing community resilience: Introducing the center for risk-based community resilience planning

Hindcasting Loss and Evaluating Implications of Track Location for the 2011 Joplin, Missouri Tornado

Hazard-Resilient Infrastructure