The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

「脆弱性(Vulnerability)」とは何か

Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents. This Standard, a revision of ASCE/SEI 7-05, offers a complete update and reorganization of the wind load provisions, expanding them from one chapter into six. The Standard contains new ultimate event wind maps with corresponding reductions in load factors, so that the loads are not affected, and updates the seismic loads with new risk-targeted seismic maps. The snow, live, and atmospheric icing provisions are updated as well. In addition, the Standard includes a detailed Commentary with explanatory and supplementary information designed to assist building code committees and regulatory authorities. Standard ASCE/SEI 7 is an integral part of building codes in the United States. Many of the load provisions are substantially adopted by reference in the International Building Code and the NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code. Structural engineers, architects, and those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes will find this Standard an essential reference in their practice. Note: New orders are fulfilled from the second printing, which incorporates the errata to the first printing.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

Trees, and their derivative products, have been used by societies around the world for thousands of years. Contemporary construction of tall buildings from timber, in whole or in part, suggests a growing interest in the potential for building with wood at a scale not previously attainable. As wood is the only significant building material that is grown, we have a natural inclination that building in wood is good for the environment. But under what conditions is this really the case? The environmental benefits of using timber are not straightforward; although it is a natural product, a large amount of energy is used to dry and process it. Much of this can come from the biomass of the tree itself, but that requires investment in plant, which is not always possible in an industry that is widely distributed among many small producers. And what should we build with wood? Are skyscrapers in timber a good use of this natural resource, or are there other aspects of civil and structural engineering, or large-scale infrastructure, that would be a better use of wood? Here, we consider a holistic picture ranging in scale from the science of the cell wall to the engineering and global policies that could maximise forestry and timber construction as a boon to both people and the planet.

The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction

David O. Prevatt, Ph.D., P.E., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL John W. van de Lindt, Ph.D., University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL Andrew Graettinger, Ph.D., University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL William Coulbourne, P.E., Applied Technology Council, Rehoboth Beach, DE Rakesh Gupta, Ph.D., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Shiling Pei, Ph.D., P.E., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD Samuel Hensen, P.E., Simpson Strong Tie, Pleasanton, CA David Grau, Ph.D., University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL

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Damage Study and Future Direction for Structural Design Following the Tuscaloosa Tornado of 2011

Current flood vulnerability analyses rely on deterministic methods (e.g., stage–damage functions) to quantify resulting damage and losses to the built environment. While such approaches have been used extensively by communities, they do not enable the propagation of uncertainty into a risk- or resilience-informed decision process. In this paper, a method that allows the development of building fragility and building loss functions is articulated and applied to develop an archetype portfolio that can be used to model buildings in a typical community. The typical single-variable flood vulnerability function, normally based on flood depth, is extended to a multi-variate flood vulnerability function, which is a function of both flood depth and flood duration, thereby creating fragility surfaces. The portfolio presented herein consists of 15 building archetypes that can serve to populate a community-level model to predict damage and resulting functionality from a scenario flood event. The prediction of damage and functionality of buildings within a community is the first step in developing risk-informed mitigation decisions to improve community resilience.

Minimal Building Flood Fragility and Loss Function Portfolio for Resilience Analysis at the Community Level

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) as a structural system is not introduced in European or North American building codes, and there is limited information available on the seismic factors for design of such structures. The objective of the study was to derive suitable ductility-based force modification factors (Rd-factors) for seismic design of CLT buildings in the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC). For that purpose, the well-known six-storey NEESWood Capstone wood-frame building was redesigned as a CLT structure. Non-linear analytical models of the building designed with different Rd-factors were developed using the SAPWood program. CLT walls were modeled using the output from mechanics models developed in Matlab that were verified against CLT wall tests conducted at FPInnovations. Each of the 48 building models was subjected to a series of 22 bi-axial input earthquake motions suggested in the FEMA P-695 pro cedure. Results showed that an Rd-factor of 2.0 is appropriate for the building studied.

Force Modification Factors for CLT Structures for NBCC

Tsunamis are low-probability high-consequence events, usually caused by an earthquake in the ocean and can result in high casualty rates and billions of dollars in damage. Tsunamis can be d...

Performance-Based Tsunami Engineering for Risk Assessment of Structures Subjected to Multi-Hazards: Tsunami following Earthquake

Hurricanes present a serious financial threat to the Gulf Coast and eastern seaboard of the United States. This paper is the first in a set of companion papers that detail a comprehensive mechanistic loss model for wind and rainwater intrusion damage to light-frame wood buildings. In this paper the structural and hazard modeling for a passing hurricane is explained and demonstrated. The structural model consists of a nonlinear nail model integrated into a finite-element model, and a hazard model is developed using a combination of existing wind tunnel data and a rainwater intrusion model. A methodology to compute the rainwater entry volume is presented. The approach differs from previous methods in that it allows any time period to be examined by dividing the hurricane passage period into smaller increments of time and allows both load and resistance to change from time period to time period. Thus, the time and location of damage and rainwater intrusion is known. The companion paper utilizes the v...

John W. van de Lindt

Papers

Damage Study and Future Direction for Structural Design Following the Tuscaloosa Tornado of 2011

Minimal Building Flood Fragility and Loss Function Portfolio for Resilience Analysis at the Community Level

Force Modification Factors for CLT Structures for NBCC

Performance-Based Tsunami Engineering for Risk Assessment of Structures Subjected to Multi-Hazards: Tsunami following Earthquake

Loss Analysis for Wood Frame Buildings during Hurricanes. I: Structure and Hazard Modeling