https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056

/pdf/synthesis-of-transportation-fuels-from-biomass-chemistry-3sckhzoqoz.pdf

Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering.

The use of fossil fuels is now widely accepted as unsustainable due to depleting resources and the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the environment that have already exceeded the “dangerously high” threshold of 450 ppm CO2-e. To achieve environmental and economic sustainability, fuel production processes are required that are not only renewable, but also capable of sequestering atmospheric CO2. Currently, nearly all renewable energy sources (e.g. hydroelectric, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal) target the electricity market, while fuels make up a much larger share of the global energy demand (∼66%). Biofuels are therefore rapidly being developed. Second generation microalgal systems have the advantage that they can produce a wide range of feedstocks for the production of biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane and biohydrogen. Biodiesel is currently produced from oil synthesized by conventional fuel crops that harvest the sun’s energy and store it as chemical energy. This presents a route for renewable and carbon-neutral fuel production. However, current supplies from oil crops and animal fats account for only approximately 0.3% of the current demand for transport fuels. Increasing biofuel production on arable land could have severe consequences for global food supply. In contrast, producing biodiesel from algae is widely regarded as one of the most efficient ways of generating biofuels and also appears to represent the only current renewable source of oil that could meet the global demand for transport fuels. The main advantages of second generation microalgal systems are that they: (1) Have a higher photon conversion efficiency (as evidenced by increased biomass yields per hectare): (2) Can be harvested batch-wise nearly all-year-round, providing a reliable and continuous supply of oil: (3) Can utilize salt and waste water streams, thereby greatly reducing freshwater use: (4) Can couple CO2-neutral fuel production with CO2 sequestration: (5) Produce non-toxic and highly biodegradable biofuels. Current limitations exist mainly in the harvesting process and in the supply of CO2 for high efficiency production. This review provides a brief overview of second generation biodiesel production systems using microalgae.

https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/BioEnergyResearch_Second+Generation+Biofuels+High-Efficiency+Microalgae+for+Biodiesel+Production.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1347846-0

Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production

A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification

Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources

Biodiesel processing and production

Introduction History of Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels The Basics of Diesel Engines and Diesel Fuels Biodiesel Production Basics of the Transesterification Reaction Alternate Feedstocks and Technologies for Biodiesel Production Catalysis in Biodiesel Processing Ion Exchange Resins in Biodiesel Processing Analytical Methods Analytical Methods for Biodiesel A Sensor for Discrimination of Fossil Diesel Fuel, Biodiesel, and Their Blends Fuel Properties Cetane Numbers-Heat of Combustion-Why Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives Are Suitable as a Diesel Fuel Viscosity of Biodiesel Cold Weather Properties and Performance of Biodiesel Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel Biodiesel Lubricity and Effect of Biodiesel on Lubricants Biodiesel Fuels: Biodegradability, Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Toxicity Soybean Oil Composition for Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions Impacts of Biodiesel Fuel on Pollutant Emissions from Diesel Engines Ultrafine Particles from a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Running on Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester Current Status of the Biodiesel Industry Biodiesel in the United States Biodiesel in Germany and the European Union Biodiesel in South America Biodiesel in Asia Biodiesel in Japan Environmental Implications of Biodiesel (Life-Cycle Assessment) Potential Production of Biodiesel in the United States Other Uses of Biodiesel Other Alternative Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils ande Animal Fats Glycerol Technology Options for Biodiesel Industry Appendices: Technical Tables Biodiesel Standards Unit Conversions Internet Resources

The biodiesel handbook

Phenotypic characterization of soybean event 335-13, which possesses oil with an increased oleic acid content (> 85%) and reduced palmitic acid content (< 5%), was conducted across multiple environments during 2004 and 2005. Under these conditions, the stability of the novel fatty acid profile of the oil was not influenced by environment. Importantly, the novel soybean event 335-13 was not compromised in yield in both irrigated and non-irrigated production schemes. Moreover, seed characteristics, including total oil and protein, as well as amino acid profile, were not altered as a result of the large shift in the fatty acid profile. The novel oil trait was inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. The event 335-13 was also evaluated as a feedstock for biodiesel. Extruded oil from event 335-13 produced a biodiesel with improved cold flow and enhanced oxidative stability, two critical fuel parameters that can limit the utility of this renewable transportation fuel.

/pdf/a-high-oleic-acid-and-low-palmitic-acid-soybean-agronomic-25dl1nytq6.pdf

A high‐oleic‐acid and low‐palmitic‐acid soybean: agronomic performance and evaluation as a feedstock for biodiesel

Biodiesel is a fuel comprising mono-alkyl esters of medium to long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Typically, engines operated on soybean-based biodiesel exhibit higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) compared with petroleum diesel. The increase in NOx emissions might be an inherent characteristic of soybean oil’s polyunsaturation, because the level of saturation is known to affect the biodiesel’s cetane number, which can affect NOx. A feedstock that is mostly monounsaturated (i.e. oleate) helps to balance the tradeoff between cold flow and oxidative stability. Genetic modification has produced a soybean event, designated 335-13, with a fatty acid profile high in oleic acid (>85%) and with reduced palmitic acid (<4%). This high-oleic soybean oil was converted to biodiesel and run in a John Deere 4045T 4.5-L four-stroke, four-cylinder, turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine. The exhaust emissions were compared with those from conventional soybean oil biodiesel and commercial No. 2 diesel fuel. There was a significant reduction in NOx emissions (α = 0.05) using the high-oleic soybean biodiesel compared with regular soybean oil biodiesel. No significant differences were found between the regular and high-oleic biodiesel for unburned hydrocarbon and smoke emissions.

Exhaust emissions from an engine fueled with biodiesel from high-oleic soybeans

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that consists of the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats. Currently, most biodiesel consists of methyl esters, which have poor cold-flow properties. Methyl esters of soybean oil will crystallize and plug fuel filters and lines at about 0°C. However, isopropyl esters have better cold-flow properties than methyl esters. This paper describes the production of isopropyl esters and their evaluation in a diesel engine. The effects of the alcohol amount, the catalyst amount, and two different catalysts on producing quality biodiesel were studied. Both sodium isopropoxide and potassium isopropoxide were found to be suitable for use in the transesterification process. A 20∶1 alcohol/TG molar ratio and a catalyst amount equal to 1% by weight (based on the TG amount) of sodium metal was the most cost-effective way to produce biodiesel fuel. The emissions from a diesel engine running on isopropyl esters made from soybean oil and yellow grease were investigated by comparing them with No. 2 diesel fuel and methyl esters. For nitrogen oxide emission, the difference between the biodiesel produced from soybean oil and yellow grease was greater than the difference between the methyl and isopropyl esters of both feedstocks. The other emissions from using isopropyl esters were about 50% lower in hydrocarbons, 10–20% lower in carbon monoxide, and 40% lower in smoke number when compared with No. 2 diesel fuel.

Jon Van Gerpen

Papers

Biodiesel processing and production

The biodiesel handbook

A high‐oleic‐acid and low‐palmitic‐acid soybean: agronomic performance and evaluation as a feedstock for biodiesel

Exhaust emissions from an engine fueled with biodiesel from high-oleic soybeans

The production of fatty acid isopropyl esters and their use as a diesel engine fuel