THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Sixteen years have passed since the description of the nuclear factor-кB (NF-кB) as a regulator of к light-chain gene expression in murine B lymphocytes (Sen & Baltimore, 1986a) During that time, over 4,000 publications have appeared, characterizing the family of Rel/NF-кB transcription factors involved in the control of a large number of normal and pathological cellular processes The physiological functions of NF-кB proteins include immunological and inflammatory responses, developmental processes, cellular growth and modulating effects on apoptosis In addition, these factors are activated in a number of diseases, including cancer, arthritis, acute and chronic inflammatory states, asthma, as well as neurodegenerative and heart diseases

Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors.

基礎講座 電気泳動(Electrophoresis)

Regulatory Sequences Involved in the Promotion and Termination of RNA Transcription

Chemical methods developed over the past two decades enable preparation of colloidal nanocrystals with uniform size and shape. These Brownian objects readily order into superlattices. Recently, the range of accessible inorganic cores and tunable surface chemistries dramatically increased, expanding the set of nanocrystal arrangements experimentally attainable. In this review, we discuss efforts to create next-generation materials via bottom-up organization of nanocrystals with preprogrammed functionality and self-assembly instructions. This process is often driven by both interparticle interactions and the influence of the assembly environment. The introduction provides the reader with a practical overview of nanocrystal synthesis, self-assembly, and superlattice characterization. We then summarize the theory of nanocrystal interactions and examine fundamental principles governing nanocrystal self-assembly from hard and soft particle perspectives borrowed from the comparatively established fields of micro...

Self-Assembly of Colloidal Nanocrystals: From Intricate Structures to Functional Materials

Using simulation to accelerate autonomous experimentation: A case study using mechanics.

Patterning nanoscale features across macroscopic areas is challenging due to the vast range of length scales that must be addressed. With polymer pen lithography, arrays of thousands of elastomeric pyramidal pens can be used to write features across centimeter-scales, but deformation of the soft pens limits resolution and minimum feature pitch, especially with polymeric inks. Here, we show that by coating polymer pen arrays with a ∼175 nm silica layer, the resulting hard transparent arrays exhibit a force-independent contact area that improves their patterning capability by reducing the minimum feature size (∼40 nm), minimum feature pitch (<200 nm for polymers), and pen to pen variation. With these new arrays, patterns with as many as 5.9 billion features in a 14.5 cm2 area were written using a four hundred thousand pyramid pen array. Furthermore, a new method is demonstrated for patterning macroscopic feature size gradients that vary in feature diameter by a factor of 4. Ultimately, this form of polymer ...

/pdf/hard-transparent-arrays-for-polymer-pen-lithography-5gtmkmhah2.pdf

Hard Transparent Arrays for Polymer Pen Lithography.

When coated with microscale hydrophobic particles, macroscopic liquid droplets can become non-wetting liquid marbles that exhibit an array of fascinating solid-like properties. Specifically, the force required to uniaxially compress liquid marbles depends on their volume, but it is unclear if the particle coating plays a role. In contrast, the failure of marbles upon compression does depend on the particle coating, but the conditions for failure do not appear to change with marble volume. Here, we experimentally study the elastic deformation and failure of liquid marbles and, by applying a doubly truncated oblate spheroid model to quantify their surface area, explore the role of marble volume and particle composition. First, we find that the work required to compress liquid marbles agrees with the product of the core fluid surface tension and the change in the marble surface area, validating that the elastic mechanics of liquid marbles is independent of the particle coating. Next, we study marble failure by measuring their ductility as quantified by the maximum fractional increase in marble surface area prior to rupture. Not only does marble ductility depend on the particle coating, but it also depends on marble volume with smaller marbles being more ductile. This size effect is attributed to an interaction between marble curvature and particle rafts held together by interparticle forces. These results illuminate new avenues to tailor the rupture of liquid marbles for applications spanning smart fluid handling and pollution mitigation.

Elasticity and failure of liquid marbles: influence of particle coating and marble volume

A hybrid integrated circuit (IC)/microfluidic chip is presented that independently and simultaneously traps and moves microscopic objects suspended in fluid using both electric and magnetic fields. This hybrid chip controls the location of dielectric objects, such as living cells and drops of fluid, on a 60 times 61 array of pixels that are 30 times 38 mum2 in size, each of which can be individually addressed with a 50-V peak-to-peak dc-to-10-MHz radio-frequency voltage. These high-voltage pixels produce electric fields above the chip's surface with a magnitude |oarrE| ap 1 V/ mum, resulting in strong dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces |oarrFDEP| ap 1 nN. Underneath the array of DEP pixels, there is a magnetic matrix that consists of two perpendicular sets of 60 metal wires running across the chip. Each wire can be sourced with 120 mA to trap and move magnetically susceptible objects using magnetophoresis. The DEP pixel array and magnetic matrix can be used simultaneously to apply forces to microscopic objects, such as living cells or lipid vesicles, that are tagged with magnetic nanoparticles. The capabilities of the hybrid IC/microfluidic chip demonstrated in this paper provide important building blocks for a platform for biological and chemical applications.

/pdf/high-voltage-dielectrophoretic-and-magnetophoretic-hybrid-e02zj0kwp1.pdf

High-Voltage Dielectrophoretic and Magnetophoretic Hybrid Integrated Circuit/Microfluidic Chip

While the moduli of thin polymer films are known to deviate dramatically from their bulk values, there is not a consensus regarding the nature of this size effect. In particular, indenting experiments appear to contradict results from both buckling experiments and molecular dynamics calculations. In this letter, we present a combined computational and experimental method for measuring the modulus of nanoindented soft films on rigid substrates that reconciles this discrepancy. Through extensive finite element simulation, we determine a correction to the Hertzian contact model that separates the substrate effect from the thickness-dependent modulus of the film. Interestingly, this correction only depends upon a dimensionless film thickness and the Poisson ratio of the film. To experimentally test this approach, we prepared poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and parylene films with thicknesses ranging from 20 to 300 nm and studied these films using atomic force microscope-based nanoindenting. Strikingly...

Keith A. Brown

Papers

Using simulation to accelerate autonomous experimentation: A case study using mechanics.

Hard Transparent Arrays for Polymer Pen Lithography.

Elasticity and failure of liquid marbles: influence of particle coating and marble volume

High-Voltage Dielectrophoretic and Magnetophoretic Hybrid Integrated Circuit/Microfluidic Chip

Polymer nanomechanics: Separating the size effect from the substrate effect in nanoindentation