/pdf/statistical-analysis-in-climate-research-51ik9f04rx.pdf

Statistical Analysis in Climate Research

羟氨苄青霉素引起大疱性类天疱疮样疹

This study focuses on the improved estimation of mesoscale surface ocean circulation obtained by merging TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS-1 and -2 altimeter measurements between October 1992 and May 1998. Once carefully intercalibrated and homogenized, these data are merged through an advanced global objective analysis method that allows us to correct for residual long wavelength errors and uses realistic correlation scales of ocean dynamics. The high-resolution (0.25°×0.25°) merged T/P+ERS-1 and -2 sea level anomaly maps provide more homogeneous and reduced mapping errors than either individual data set and more realistic sea level and geostrophic velocity statistics than T/P data alone. Furthermore, the merged T/P+ERS-1 and -2 maps yield eddy kinetic energy (EKE) levels 30% higher than maps of T/P alone. They also permit realistic global estimates of east and north components of EKE and their seasonal variations, to study EKE sources better. A comparison of velocity statistics with World Ocean Circulation Experiment surface drifters in the North Atlantic shows very good agreement. Comparison with contemporary current meter data in various oceanic regimes also produces comparable levels of energy and similar ratios of northward and eastward energy, showing that the maps are suitable to studying anisotropy. The T/P + ERS zonal and meridional components of the mapped currents usually present comparable rms variability, even though the variability in the Atlantic is more isotropic than that in the Pacific, which exhibits strong zonal changes. The EKE map presents a very detailed description, presumably never before achieved at a global scale. Pronounced seasonal changes of the EKE are found in many regions, notably the northeastern Pacific, the northeastern and northwestern Atlantic, the tropical oceans, and the zonally extended bands centered near 20°S in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans and at 20°N in the northwestern Pacific.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2000JC900063

Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2

The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean

We show that inferences of competence based solely on facial appearance predicted the outcomes of U.S. congressional elections better than chance (e.g., 68.8% of the Senate races in 2004) and also were linearly related to the margin of victory. These inferences were specific to competence and occurred within a 1-second exposure to the faces of the candidates. The findings suggest that rapid, unreflective trait inferences can contribute to voting choices, which are widely assumed to be based primarily on rational and deliberative considerations.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/308/5728/1623.full.pdf

Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes

Current measurements at depths of 19, 115, 264 and 464 m above the summit of Fieberling Guyot (32°28′N, 127°47′W) for 13 months in 1989 show that the diurnal tides are strongly amplified. The measured variances for K 1 , P 1 and O 1 at the 115 m depth were 810, 140 and 80 times larger than the variances of the respective estimated barotropic tides. The diurnal currents closer to the summit were also strongly amplified, through the variance ratios were 40–50% of the ratios observed at 115 m. The diurnal band currents were only amplified at the precise tidal frequencies; the bandwidth of the response was less than 0.0002 cph. The discrete character of the response suggests that only currents with large spatial scales will be amplified. The characteristics of the amplified diurnal currents are compared to those predicted by a model for Fieberling Guyot of seamount-trapped waves driven by the barotropic tide. The amplitudes of the responses at this one site on the seamount compare favourably to the predicted.

Diurnal-period currents trapped above Fieberling Guyot: observed characteristics and model comparisons

Existing observations of coastal upwelling fronts and of upwelling filaments are reviewed Attention is given to isolating those aspects where dynamic understanding and knowledge of physical-biological coupling are weak Theoretical results are then reviewed with the goal of providing some insight on those issues In view of shortfalls in present knowledge, two interdisciplinary field studies are suggested to examine the stability of upwelling fronts and the mechanisms of exchange across them

Upwelling fronts: implications and unknowns

The behavior of an internal wave in a continuously stratified fluid over a sloping bottom is examined by finding approximate analytic solutions for the amplitude of waves in a coastal ocean with constant bottom slope, linear bottom friction, and barotropic mean flows. These solutions are valid for frequencies higher than the frequency of critical reflection from the sloping bottom. The solutions show that internal waves propagating toward the shore are refracted, so that their crests become parallel to shore as they approach the coast, and outward propagating waves are reflected back toward the coast from a caustic. Inviscid solutions predict that the amplitude of a wave goes to infinity at the coast, but these infinite amplitudes are removed by even infinitesimal bottom friction. These solutions for individual rays are then integrated for an ensemble of internal wave rays of random orientation that originate at the shelf break and propagate across the shelf. It is found that for much of the shelf the shape of the current ellipse caused by these waves is nearly independent of the waves' frequency. The orientation of the current ellipse relative to isobaths is controlled by the redness of the internal wave spectrum at the shelf break and the strength of mean currents. Friction is more important on broader shelves, and consequently, on broad shelves the internal wave climate is likely to be dominated by any internal waves generated on the shelf, not waves propagating in from the deep ocean.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1998JC900054

High‐frequency internal waves on a sloping shelf

/pdf/a-compendium-of-time-series-measurements-from-moored-3apsw2k6mn.pdf

Kenneth H. Brink

Papers

Diurnal-period currents trapped above Fieberling Guyot: observed characteristics and model comparisons

Upwelling fronts: implications and unknowns

High‐frequency internal waves on a sloping shelf

A compendium of time series measurements from moored instrumentation during the MAM '77 phase of JOINT-II

Long-Term Moored Array Measurements of Currents and Hydrography over Georges Bank: 1994-1999