/pdf/statistical-analysis-in-climate-research-51ik9f04rx.pdf

Statistical Analysis in Climate Research

羟氨苄青霉素引起大疱性类天疱疮样疹

This study focuses on the improved estimation of mesoscale surface ocean circulation obtained by merging TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS-1 and -2 altimeter measurements between October 1992 and May 1998. Once carefully intercalibrated and homogenized, these data are merged through an advanced global objective analysis method that allows us to correct for residual long wavelength errors and uses realistic correlation scales of ocean dynamics. The high-resolution (0.25°×0.25°) merged T/P+ERS-1 and -2 sea level anomaly maps provide more homogeneous and reduced mapping errors than either individual data set and more realistic sea level and geostrophic velocity statistics than T/P data alone. Furthermore, the merged T/P+ERS-1 and -2 maps yield eddy kinetic energy (EKE) levels 30% higher than maps of T/P alone. They also permit realistic global estimates of east and north components of EKE and their seasonal variations, to study EKE sources better. A comparison of velocity statistics with World Ocean Circulation Experiment surface drifters in the North Atlantic shows very good agreement. Comparison with contemporary current meter data in various oceanic regimes also produces comparable levels of energy and similar ratios of northward and eastward energy, showing that the maps are suitable to studying anisotropy. The T/P + ERS zonal and meridional components of the mapped currents usually present comparable rms variability, even though the variability in the Atlantic is more isotropic than that in the Pacific, which exhibits strong zonal changes. The EKE map presents a very detailed description, presumably never before achieved at a global scale. Pronounced seasonal changes of the EKE are found in many regions, notably the northeastern Pacific, the northeastern and northwestern Atlantic, the tropical oceans, and the zonally extended bands centered near 20°S in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans and at 20°N in the northwestern Pacific.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2000JC900063

Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2

The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean

We show that inferences of competence based solely on facial appearance predicted the outcomes of U.S. congressional elections better than chance (e.g., 68.8% of the Senate races in 2004) and also were linearly related to the margin of victory. These inferences were specific to competence and occurred within a 1-second exposure to the faces of the candidates. The findings suggest that rapid, unreflective trait inferences can contribute to voting choices, which are widely assumed to be based primarily on rational and deliberative considerations.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/308/5728/1623.full.pdf

Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes

The near-surface dynamics of coastal upwelling

The agreement between coastal trapped wave theory and observation is studied for the case of observations made off Peru during the 1977 CUEA JOINT-II experiment Wave properties are calculated using a numerical model with realistic, horizontally uniform stratification and realistic bottom topography These properties are then explored as a function of the ratio of the first internal Rossby radius of deformation to the shelf-slope width The agreement of observed and calculated first-mode, free wave phase speeds (230 cm s−1) is excellent, while modal structures agree more poorly A forced wave calculation, using observed winds and currents as input, is used to hindcast alongshore currents and sea level in the frequency band where Smith (1978) observed free coastal trapped waves during 1977 The model suggests that most of the observed sea level and alongshore velocity fluctuations in the 5–10 day period band are due to free waves originating equatorward of 5&deg's, while winds between 5&deg's and 

A Comparison of Long Coastal Trapped Wave Theory with Observations off Peru

/pdf/programs-for-computing-properties-of-coastal-trapped-waves-2wyt1rc4nl.pdf

Programs for computing properties of coastal-trapped waves and wind-driven motions over the continental shelf and slope

The physical environment of the Peruvian upwelling system

Numerical and analytical models are developed to discuss large-scale, low-frequency, wind-driven fluctuations over the continental shelf and slope in the presence of realistic density stratification and bottom friction. The models employ the “long-wave” assumption that frequencies are small relative to the inertial frequency and that alongshore scales are large relative to cross cross-shelf scales. An attempt is made to make the effect of bottom friction on the flow as realistic as possible by taking into account the influence of surface gravity waves on bottom stress. The results were obtained for sinusoidal wind forcing having frequency ω and alongshore wavenumber l and are described below. A general criterion for barotropic shelf water response for wind forcing frequencies ω in the “weather” band (2π/few weeks to 2π/few days) can be derived. For the purpose of rapid calculation, this criterion reduces, approximately, tohere Ns2 is a shelf-averaged value of the buoyancy frequency squared, α is ...

Kenneth H. Brink

Papers

The near-surface dynamics of coastal upwelling

A Comparison of Long Coastal Trapped Wave Theory with Observations off Peru

Programs for computing properties of coastal-trapped waves and wind-driven motions over the continental shelf and slope

The physical environment of the Peruvian upwelling system

The Response of Stratified, Frictional Flow of Shelf and Slope Waters to Fluctuating Large-Scale, Low-Frequency Wind Forcing