/pdf/statistical-analysis-in-climate-research-51ik9f04rx.pdf

Statistical Analysis in Climate Research

羟氨苄青霉素引起大疱性类天疱疮样疹

This study focuses on the improved estimation of mesoscale surface ocean circulation obtained by merging TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS-1 and -2 altimeter measurements between October 1992 and May 1998. Once carefully intercalibrated and homogenized, these data are merged through an advanced global objective analysis method that allows us to correct for residual long wavelength errors and uses realistic correlation scales of ocean dynamics. The high-resolution (0.25°×0.25°) merged T/P+ERS-1 and -2 sea level anomaly maps provide more homogeneous and reduced mapping errors than either individual data set and more realistic sea level and geostrophic velocity statistics than T/P data alone. Furthermore, the merged T/P+ERS-1 and -2 maps yield eddy kinetic energy (EKE) levels 30% higher than maps of T/P alone. They also permit realistic global estimates of east and north components of EKE and their seasonal variations, to study EKE sources better. A comparison of velocity statistics with World Ocean Circulation Experiment surface drifters in the North Atlantic shows very good agreement. Comparison with contemporary current meter data in various oceanic regimes also produces comparable levels of energy and similar ratios of northward and eastward energy, showing that the maps are suitable to studying anisotropy. The T/P + ERS zonal and meridional components of the mapped currents usually present comparable rms variability, even though the variability in the Atlantic is more isotropic than that in the Pacific, which exhibits strong zonal changes. The EKE map presents a very detailed description, presumably never before achieved at a global scale. Pronounced seasonal changes of the EKE are found in many regions, notably the northeastern Pacific, the northeastern and northwestern Atlantic, the tropical oceans, and the zonally extended bands centered near 20°S in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans and at 20°N in the northwestern Pacific.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2000JC900063

Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2

The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean

We show that inferences of competence based solely on facial appearance predicted the outcomes of U.S. congressional elections better than chance (e.g., 68.8% of the Senate races in 2004) and also were linearly related to the margin of victory. These inferences were specific to competence and occurred within a 1-second exposure to the faces of the candidates. The findings suggest that rapid, unreflective trait inferences can contribute to voting choices, which are widely assumed to be based primarily on rational and deliberative considerations.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/308/5728/1623.full.pdf

Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes

PHYSICAL AND DYNAMICAL PROCESSES Wind-Driven Currents Over the Continental Shelf (K. Brink) Buoyancy Effects in Coastal and Shelf Seas (A. Hill) Topographic Effects, Straits and The Bottom Boundary Layer (J. Trowbridge, et al.) Air Sea Interaction in the Coastal Zone (G. Geernaert & S. Larsen) Tidal Processes in Shelf Seas (J. Simpson) Deep-Sea Forcing and Exchange Processes (K. Brink) GLOBAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY PROCESSES Sea Ice Processes and Water Mass Modification and Transport over Arctic Shelves (G. Gawarkiewicz, et al.) Sea Level Change (R. Stewart, et al.) Evaluation and Comparison of the Global Carbon Cycle in the Coastal Zone and in the Open Ocean (R. Wollast) Sediment Transport and Terrigenous Fluxes (Y. Wang, et al.) Recruitment and the Population Dynamics Process (B. Rothschild & M. Fogarty) MODELS AND DATA Remote Sensing (J. Nihoul, et al.) Hydrographic Observations in the Coastal Ocean (K. Brink) Current and Water Property Measurements in the Coastal Ocean (T. Dickey, et al.) Boundary Flux Measurements in the Coastal Ocean (W. Brown) Empirical Modal Decomposition in Coastal Oceanography (H. von Storch & C. Frankignoul) Numerical Models of the Coastal Ocean (D. Haidvogel & A. Beckmann) Coupled Physical, Chemical and Biological Models (J. Nihoul & S. Djenidi) Overview of Interdisciplinary Modeling for Marine Ecosystems (E. Hofmann & C. Lascara) Index.

The global coastal ocean : processes and methods

An approximate technique is presented for including the effect of turbulent bottom friction in the forced first-order wave equation governing long generalized coastal trapped waves. The resulting governing equations include both damping and a cross-shelf and vertical phase shift. A set of examples shows that damping of free waves decreases as the static stability increases, consistent with the inhibition of vertical motions by stratification.

The Effect of Bottom Friction on Low-Frequency Coastal Trapped Waves

An analysis is presented of low-frequency (<0.4 cpd) fluctuations in currents, temperature and tide gage data collected during the March-September 1976 segment of the CUEA JOINT-II experiment off the coast of Peru. The observations were made near 15°S, a region of particularly strong and persistent coastal upwelling. Conclusions about the dynamics of motions over the continental shelf and slope are reached by means of correlations, empirical orthogonal functions and other indicators. It is found that flow over the shelf, where stratification was weak, was generally dominated by vertical turbulent frictional effects and was strongly coupled to the effectively inviscid, baroclinic flow over the slope. The momentum balance was three dimensional, with the alongshore pressure gradient playing an important role. In contrast to behavior in other coastal upwelling regions, the alongshore velocity field over the shelf and slope was evidently not strongly driven by the local alongshore component of the win...

/pdf/a-study-of-low-frequency-fluctuations-near-the-peru-coast-3fjpdvzr9k.pdf

A Study of Low-Frequency Fluctuations Near the Peru Coast

In September 1985, the eye of Hurricane Gloria passed within about 100 km of a current meter mooring in the western North Atlantic. Data from this mooring provide a clear view of the vertical structure of the near-inertial wake in the main thermocline. The response at 159 m was strong (>25 cm s−1 amplitude) and lasted about 18 days. At greater depths, the response was weaker and more irregular. The phase of the near-inertial currents increased with depth, consistent with the downward spreading of enemy. The total phase change across the thermocline reached about a half cycle seven days after the hurricane's passage, indicating a large vertical scale of the response. The observations are briefly compared with other time series measurements (on the continental margin) and with models.

Observations of the Response of Thermocline Currents to a Hurricane

In April and May 1983, interdisciplinary oceanographic observations were made of upwelling events in the Point Conception area off southern California. The principal objective was to observe the structure and time dependence of the upwelling system. To accomplish this, two ships, two aircraft, moorings, drogues, and satellite imagery were all included in the observational effort. During the intensive measurement period three main upwelling events and two intervening relaxation or downwelling intervals were sampled during what was a period of overall longer-term sea surface warming. Surface temperatures during upwelling were as low as 10.5°C in the upwelling center between Point Arguello and Point Conception, while during periods of nonupwelling winds, temperatures reached 14°–15°C in the same area. The upwelling center was also a source of higher-salinity water (33.7‰) relative to the offshore waters that were anomalously fresh (33.3‰). Upwelling was observed off Point Arguello, Point Conception, and the area between with a possible lag of up to a day at Point Conception relative to the other areas. The upwelling plume as observed by surface mapping and remote sensing tended to move in a variety of directions from SE to SW. Part of the movement was usually into the Santa Barbara Channel, but other parts of the plume occasionally moved southwestward. There was no obvious correlation of plume direction with the wind. During relaxation events the entire region was covered by a 10- to 20-m-thick warm (14°–16°C), fresh (<33.5‰) buoyant layer. Spatial correlations of water temperature with 24-hour lagged winds showed logical patterns, but the distributions were not as seen in other California studies.

/pdf/mesoscale-hydrographic-variability-in-the-vicinity-of-points-1q30mk9943.pdf

Kenneth H. Brink

Papers

The global coastal ocean : processes and methods

The Effect of Bottom Friction on Low-Frequency Coastal Trapped Waves

A Study of Low-Frequency Fluctuations Near the Peru Coast

Observations of the Response of Thermocline Currents to a Hurricane

Mesoscale hydrographic variability in the vicinity of Points Conception and Arguello during April–May 1983: The OPUS 1983 experiment