Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

argument is often, if not acrimonious, at least heated. It gives an impression of the fluidity of opinion on many fundamental ideas under discussion and of the urgency with which cardiac cyanosis in the newborn is regarded. When Dr. William Muscott says that the earliest he has operated for pulmonary stenosis is on an infant 3 days old, and Sir Russell Brock agrees that the earlier in the first month that operation is undertaken the better, and when Dr. Varco asks Dr. Senning 'so far as I know they have never yet catheterized any child intrauterine in Sweden, but they have done it through the delivery canal sometimes-would you tell us the indications of the Scandinavian group for catheterization in the immediate newborn period?', one is indeed being kept up with the times. But that was two years ago and already some of the questions then debated have since been answered. This beautifully printed and well-illustrated stiff paperbacked volume is, and will for a few years yet remain, an invaluable companion to a full-scale textbook on congenital heart disease.

Growth at Adolescence.

Testosterone and Human Aggression: An Evaluation of the Challenge Hypothesis

Life history theory provides a metatheoretical framework for the study of pubertal timing from an evolutionary-developmental perspective. The current article reviews 5 middle-level theories--energetics theory stress-suppression theory psychosocial acceleration theory paternal investment theory and child development theory--each of which applies the basic assumptions of life history theory to the question of environmental influences on timing of puberty in girls. These theories converge in their conceptualization of pubertal timing as responsive to ecological conditions but diverge in their conceptualization of: a. the nature extent and direction of environmental influences and; b. the effects of pubertal timing on other reproductive variables. Comparing hypotheses derived from the 5 perspectives are evaluated. An extension of W.T. Boyce and B.J. Elliss (in press) theory of stress reactivity is proposed to account for both inhibiting and accelerating effects of psychosocial stress on timing of pubertal development. This review highlights the multiplicity of (often unrecognized) perspectives guiding research raises challenges to virtually all of these and presents an alternative framework in an effort to move research forward in this arena of multidisciplinary inquiry. (authors)

https://cals.arizona.edu/fcs/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fcs/files/Psyc%20Bull%20Ellis%202004.pdf

Timing of Pubertal Maturation in Girls: An Integrated Life History Approach.

PURPOSE: The increased mortality of emergencyvs.elective colonic surgery applies equally to the right and left colon. Recent interest has surrounded the application of expandable metal stenting in acute obstruction but has been confined to the left colon. We describe successful application of stenting in the right colon, allowing postponement of a particularly high-risk laparotomy. METHODS: A patient with acute bilateral iliofemoral thromboses simultaneously developed complete obstruction of the proximal transverse colon. After heparinization and under fluoroscopic control, a 10-cm-long, self-expanding Wallstent®(Schneider, Bulach, Switzerland), 22 mm in diameter, was manipulated across the obstruction. RESULTS: Immediate decompression with symptomatic relief ensued. The stent prevented obstruction during a 10-week period of anticoagulation, and repeat duplex scanning showed resolution of iliac thrombus. An elective right hemicolectomy was then performed. Postoperative course was uncomplicated, and histopathology confirmed a Dukes B carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: This case, in which a potentially hazardous laparotomy was delayed until the operative risk improved, defines a new role for stenting in colonic obstruction and demonstrates an extension of its applicability to the right colon. Literature review found no other report of stent application in the right colon.

Expandable metal stent application in obstructing carcinoma of the proximal colon: report of a case.

Members of the Turkana tribe include settled and nomadic peoples who reside in the southern part of Turkana District in the semiarid region of northwest Kenya. Nomadic Ngisonyoka Turkana keep livestock (camels, cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys), subsist principally on livestock products, and move camps frequently in search of forage for the livestock; settled Turkana cultivate foods along the principal rivers. Both nomadic and settled Turkana are subject to limited food resources on seasonal and long-term bases. Protein from meat, blood, and milk is sufficient in the diet, but food energy is limited, as are body fat reserves. Previous work has documented a decline in maternal adiposity with age in a large sample of the relatively lean nomadic women, and a negative association of fat stores with parity in a smaller sample of nomadic women. The problem of maternal depletion of fat energy reserves as a function of female reproductive history is explored in this study through anthropometry in a relatively large sample (N = 312) of nomadic and settled women. Both nomadic and settled women displayed some parity-related losses in fat stores. The relationship was stronger in the nomads, even after controlling for age. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Energy reserves and parity of nomadic and settled Turkana women.

Development of a collision typology for evaluation of collision avoidance strategies.

In 1970 I began work in endocrinology as a biochemist interested in how pesticides interfered with successful reproduction.' By 1977 Reproduction in Mammals by C. R. Austin and R. V. ShortZ stimulated a consuming interest in the infinite variety and diversity of hormonal, anatomical, and behavioral patterns that had evolved to solve the biological problem of reproduction and gene transmission. Diversity was expressed at every level from intracellular biochemistry to seasonal changes in courtship rituals. By the time I began interacting with social scientists in 1980 I was quite willing to admit that a great measure of the total variation of reproductive output seen in different human populations was due to sociocultural influences. However, I could not accept the assumption underlying many social and demographic analyses that the physiological makeup and capacities of all human populations were uniform, especially as those groups existed in widely variant environments, consumed widely different diets, and had a great many known differences in genetic traits. Subsequent collaborations with anthropologists investigating groups that demonstrate diverse reproductive life histories and divergent levels of realized fertility have provided four unique opportunities:

Blood, Urine, Saliva and Dip‐Sticks: Experiences in Africa, New Guinea, and Bostona

1. The status of white-breasted cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus as possible competitors with the fisheries of Lake Malaw∧i was assessed. 2. Numbers of P. carbo on the lake were estimated, from visual counts and photographs of resting sites taken at last light, to be 10000 individuals in 1979. 3. Observations were concentrated on a colony of 5000+ birds on Boadzulu Island, in the south-east arm of the lake, the main area of commercial fishing. The birds fished in a single large flock, in shallow water, at or near the sandy or muddy bottom

Kenneth L. Campbell

Papers

Expandable metal stent application in obstructing carcinoma of the proximal colon: report of a case.

Energy reserves and parity of nomadic and settled Turkana women.

Development of a collision typology for evaluation of collision avoidance strategies.

Blood, Urine, Saliva and Dip‐Sticks: Experiences in Africa, New Guinea, and Bostona

Interactions between white-breasted cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) and the fisheries of Lake Malawi