다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Abstract A two-dimensional version of the Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model has been applied to Winter Monsoon Experiment data in order to simulate the diurnally occurring convection observed over the South China Sea. The domain includes a representation of part of Borneo as well as the sea so that the model can simulate the initiation of convection. Also included in the model are parameterizations of mesoscale ice phase and moisture processes and longwave and shortwave radiation with a diurnal cycle. This allows use of the model to test the relative importance of various heating mechanisms to the stratiform cloud deck, which typically occupies several hundred kilometers of the domain. Frank and Cohen's cumulus parameterization scheme is employed to represent vital unresolved vertical transports in the convective area. The major conclusions are: Ice phase processes are important in determining the level of maximum large-scale heating and vertical motion because there is a strong anvil componen...

Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model [presentation]

A copy of Guangbo jiemu bao [Broadcast Program Report] was being passed from hand to hand among a group of young people eager to be the first to read the article introducing the program "What Is Revolutionary Love?" It said: "… Young friends, you are certainly very concerned about this problem'. So, we would like you to meet the young women workers Meng Xiaoyu and Meng Yamei and the older cadre Miss Feng. They are the three leading characters in the short story ‘The Place of Love.’ Through the description of the love lives of these three, the story induces us to think deeply about two questions that merit further examination.

This is How the Discussion Started

Organic carbon (OC) accounts for a large fraction of atmospheric aerosol and has profound effects on air quality, atmospheric chemistry and climate forcing. Molecular composition of the OC and its evolution during common processes of atmospheric aging have been a subject of extensive research over the last decade (see reviews of Ervens et al.,1 Hallquist et al.,2 Herckes et al.,3 Carlton et al.,4 Kroll and Seinfeld,5 Rudich et al.,6 and Kanakidou et al.7). Even though many fundamental advances have been reported in these studies, our understanding of the climate-related properties of atmospheric OC is still incomplete and the specific ways in which OC impacts atmospheric environment and climate forcing are just beginning to be understood. This review covers one topic of particular interest in this area –environmental chemistry of light-absorbing aerosol OC and its impact on radiative forcing.

Chemistry of atmospheric brown carbon.

A stellar spectral flux library of wide spectral coverage and an example of its application are presented. The new library consists of 131 flux-calibrated spectra, encompassing all normal spectral types and luminosity classes at solar abundance, and metal-weak and metal-rich F-K dwarf and G-K giant components. Each library spectrum was formed by combining data from several sources overlapping in wavelength coverage. The SIMBAD database, measured colors, and line strengths were used to check that each input component has closely similar stellar type. The library has complete spectral coverage from 1150 to 10620 Afor all components and to 25000 Afor about half of them, mainly later types of solar abundance. Missing spectral coverage in the infrared currently consists of a smooth energy distribution formed from standard colors for the relevant types. The library is designed to permit inclusion of additional digital spectra, particularly of non-solar abundance stars in the infrared, as they become available. The library spectra are each given as Fl versus l, from 1150 to 25000 Ain steps of 5 A ˚. A program to combine the library spectra in the ratios appropriate to a selected isochrone is described and an example of a spectral component signature of a composite population of solar age and metallicity is illustrated. The library spectra and associated tables are available as text files by remote electronic access.

VizieR Online Data Catalog: A Stellar Spectral Flux Library: 1150 - 25000 A (Pickles 1998)

This study focuses on the analysis of the sensitivity of UV erythemal radiation (UVER) to variations in the total ozone column (TOC) under different sky conditions at Granada (southeastern Spain). The sensitivity is studied both in relative terms by means of the Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF) and in absolute terms using the Ozone Efficiency (OE). These two variables are determined for diverse sky conditions characterized by the cloud cover information given by a sky camera (in oktas) and the cloud optical depth (COD) estimated from global solar radiation measurements. As expected, in absolute terms, the TOC variations cause substantially smaller UVER changes during completely overcast situations than during cloud-free cases. For instance, the OE (SZA = 30°, TOC = 290 DU) decreases from 0.68 mW m(-2) per unit of TOC (0 oktas) to 0.50 mW m(-2) per unit of TOC (8 oktas). However, the opposite is observed when the analysis is performed in relative terms. Thus, the RAF (determined for SZA cases below 80°) increases from 1.1 for cloud-free cases (0 oktas) to 1.4 for completely overcast situations (8 oktas). This opposite behavior is also found when both RAF and OE are analyzed as functions of COD. Thus, while the OE strongly decreases with increasing COD, the RAF increases as COD increases.

/pdf/sensitivity-of-uv-erythemal-radiation-to-total-ozone-changes-4jqxzn9v2e.pdf

Sensitivity of UV Erythemal Radiation to Total Ozone Changes under Different Sky Conditions: Results for Granada, Spain

. A methodology to obtain the total ozone column (TOC) from the direct-sun spectral measurements of a Bentham spectroradiometer located at Granada (Spain) is presented in this paper. The method relies on the differential absorption technique using two pairs of direct irradiance at adjacent wavelengths between 305 and 340 nm. The extraterrestrial constant was determined from the extrapolation to zero air mass of each wavelength pair (Langley plot method). We checked the strong influence of the cloud cover on the Bentham TOC measurements using simultaneous sky images taken with an all-sky camera. Thus, reliable TOC data are exclusively obtained during cloud-free conditions or partly cloudy conditions without the solar disk obstructed. In this work, the hourly TOC averages retrieved by the Bentham instrument with a standard deviation smaller than 3% (~ 10 Dobson Unit) are selected as high-quality TOC data. The analysis of the diurnal TOC variations during cloud-free days in late spring and summer showed different TOC values between the morning and afternoon periods. Thus, while the mornings exhibit an almost stable pattern, the afternoons display a monotonic TOC increase which could be partially related to photochemical processes in the lower troposphere associated with the formation of surface ozone. Finally, the Bentham TOC measurements were compared against the satellite data derived from three satellite instruments: OMI, GOME and SCIAMACHY. The mean absolute values of the relative differences between satellite and ground-based data were smaller than 3%, highlighting the high reliability of the retrieval method proposed in this paper to derive TOC data.

/pdf/direct-sun-total-ozone-data-from-a-spectroradiometer-2h7r1mf7kn.pdf

Direct-sun total ozone data from a spectroradiometer: methodology and comparison with satellite observations

1 Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Council of Research (CNR-IMAA), Contrada S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy 2 Centro Andaluz de Medio Ambiente, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain 3 Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China 4Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India

/pdf/carbonaceous-particles-in-the-atmosphere-experimental-and-2rn1zpcupa.pdf

Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere: Experimental and Modelling Issues

Correction factors for a total scatter/backscatter nephelometer

This paper proposes a method to calculate the ozone radiative forcing (RF) at surface in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range for all-sky conditions based on the estimation of the ozone efficiency (OE) from experimental data that are subsequently applied to changes on the total ozone column (TOC) since late 1970s. The OE is defined as the rate at which the solar UV irradiance is “forced” per TOC unit, being estimated for all-sky conditions from UV-B (280–320 nm) and TOC data recorded with a Bentham spectroradiometer at Granada (Spain). The results showed a clear seasonal pattern in the OE values with largest monthly averages (in absolute terms) in July (−4.2 ± 0.3 mW/m2 per Dobson Unit) and the smallest in January (−0.7 ± 0.3 mW/m2 per Dobson Unit). The continuous and consistent TOC data set (1979–2008) provided by the Multisensor Reanalysis over the study site showed that spring months present the largest annual TOC changes relative to 1979 while summer months exhibit small variations. Thus, spring has the largest contribution (~53%) to annual ozone RF followed by summer (~17%), winter (~16%), and autumn (~4%). The evolution of the ozone RF relative to 1979 in the UV-B range at Granada showed positive values for most of years (between 5 and 40 mW/m2). Finally, the long-term evolution of the ozone RF exhibited a positive trend until the mid-1990s and, subsequently, a weak negative trend until the end of the analyzed period.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2013JD020444

Lucas Alados-Arboledas

Papers

Sensitivity of UV Erythemal Radiation to Total Ozone Changes under Different Sky Conditions: Results for Granada, Spain

Direct-sun total ozone data from a spectroradiometer: methodology and comparison with satellite observations

Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere: Experimental and Modelling Issues

Correction factors for a total scatter/backscatter nephelometer

A method to determine the ozone radiative forcing in the ultraviolet range from experimental data