Prospective Cohort Study

25. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. By D. B. Rubin. ISBN 0 471 08705 X. Wiley, Chichester, 1987. 258 pp. £30.25.

Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys

Much has been written about theory and practice in the law, and the tension between practitioners and theorists. Judges do not cite theoretical articles often; they rarely "apply" theories to particular cases. These arguments are not revisited. Instead the Essay explores the working and interaction of theory and practice, practitioners and theorists. The Essay starts with a story about solving a legal issue using our intellectual tools - theory, practice, and their progenies: experience and "gut." Next the Essay elaborates on the nature of theory, practice, experience and "gut." The third part of the Essay discusses theories that are helpful to practitioners and those that are less helpful. The Essay concludes that practitioners theorize, and theorists practice. They use these intellectual tools differently because the goals and orientations of theorists and practitioners, and the constraints under which they act, differ. Theory, practice, experience and "gut" help us think, remember, decide and create. They complement each other like the two sides of the same coin: distinct but inseparable.

Of Theory and Practice

Definition: To what extent does the study allow us to draw conclusions about a causal effect between two or more constructs? Issues: Selection, maturation, history, mortality, testing, regression towrd the mean, selection by maturation, treatment by mortality, treatment by testing, measured treatment variables Increase: Eliminate the threats, above all do experimental manipulations, random assignment, and counterbalancing.

Reliability and validity

저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

Purpose Sleep loss impairs a range of neurobehavioral functions, particularly vigilant attention and arousal. However, the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on inhibition control and its relationship to vigilant attention impairments remain unclear. This study examined the extent to which vigilant attention deficits contribute to inhibition control performance after one night of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and two nights of partial sleep restriction (PSR). Participants and Methods We analyzed data from N = 49 participants in a one-night of TSD experiment, N=16 participants in a control experiment without sleep loss, and N = 16 participants in a two-nights of PSR experiment (time in bed, TIB = 6 h for each night). Throughout waking periods in each condition, participants completed the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), which measures vigilant attention, and the Go/No-Go task, which measures inhibition control. Results After TSD and PSR, participants displayed significantly slower reaction times (RT) and more lapses in PVT performance, as well as slower Go RT and more errors of omission during the Go/No-Go task. PVT deficits accounted for 18.0% of the change in Go RT and 12.4% of the change in errors of omission in the TSD study, and 23.7% of the change in Go RT and 20.3% of the change in errors of omission in the PSR study. Conclusion Both TSD and PSR impaired inhibition control during the Go/No-Go task, which can be partly accounted for by vigilant attention deficits during the PVT. These findings support the key role of vigilant attention in maintaining overall neurobehavioral function after sleep loss.

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Impaired Vigilant Attention Partly Accounts for Inhibition Control Deficits After Total Sleep Deprivation and Partial Sleep Restriction.

Effects of nocturnal aircraft noise - Volume 3: Stress hormones

Verkehrslarm kann zu extrinsischen Schlafstorungen fuhren. Die Definition extrinsischer Schlafstorungen wird vorgestellt. Akustischen Variablen, die Larm beschreiben, und die Wirkung von Verkehrslarm auf den Schlaf und andere Korperfunktionen wird angegeben. Die in der Larmwirkungsforschung haufig verwendeten Begriffe „primare, sekundare und tertiare Larmwirkungen” werden erlautert. Die Schwierigkeit, durch Larm erzeugte Schlafstorungen auf Grund von bisherigen Studienergebnissen hinsichtlich ihrer langfristigen Gesundheitswirkungen zu bewerten, wird aufgezeigt. Die Evidenz der Untersuchungsergebnisse ist haufig auf Grund geringer Fallzahlen, unterschiedlicher statistischer Auswertemethoden und fehlender Kontrollgruppen zu hinterfragen. Akustische Grenzwerte, die zum Larmschutz der Bevolkerung durch Gesetze und Verordnungen fur die verschiedenen Verkehrstrager gelten, mussen trotz manchmal fehlender wissenschaftlicher Begrundung “plausibel” sein. Sowohl uber die Plausibilitat als auch uber manche neuen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse und deren Bewertung entzundet sich eine Diskussion unter Larmwirkungsforschern und unter interessierten Gruppen. Um dieses Dilemma zumindest teilweise losen zu konnen, bietet sich eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Larmwirkungsforschung und Schlafmedizin an.

Extrinsische Schlafstörungen und Lärmwirkungen

Markov state transition models for the prediction of changes in sleep structure induced by aircraft noise. Abstract N° 1047

INTRODUCTION: Environmental and operational stressors commonly encountered in spaceflight can affect astronaut cognitive performance. It is currently unclear how performance decrements on test batteries that assess individual cognitive domains translate to complex operational performance.METHODS:N 30 healthy adults (mean SD age 33.5 7.1 yr, range 2548 yr; 16 men) with demographic characteristics similar to astronauts performed all 10 tests of the Cognition test battery as well as a simulated 6 degrees-of-freedom (6df) spacecraft docking task 15 times. Performance on 60 Cognition outcome variables was rank-correlated with 6df docking performance individually as well as in models containing up to 12 predictors after accounting for sex, age, and study design effects.RESULTS: Average response time on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)a measure of processing speed requiring complex scanning, visual tracking, and working memorywas the best individual predictor of 6df docking performance (unadjusted r 0.550; semipartial cross-validated R² 0.244). Furthermore, higher levels of spatial orientation efficiency and vigilant attention, lower levels of impulsivity, and faster response speed were associated with higher 6df performance, while sensorimotor speed, memory, and risk decision making were less relevant. After semipartial cross-validation, a model with three Cognition outcomes (DSST average response time, Abstract Matching accuracy, and conservative response bias on the Fractal 2-Back test) explained 30% of the variance in 6df performance.CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates direct links between performance on tests designed to assess specific cognitive domains and complex operational docking performance.Basner M, Moore TM, Hermosillo E, Nasrini J, Dinges DF, Gur RC, Johannes B. Cognition test battery performance is associated with simulated 6df spacecraft docking performance. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(11):861867.

Mathias Basner

Papers

Impaired Vigilant Attention Partly Accounts for Inhibition Control Deficits After Total Sleep Deprivation and Partial Sleep Restriction.

Effects of nocturnal aircraft noise - Volume 3: Stress hormones

Extrinsische Schlafstörungen und Lärmwirkungen

Markov state transition models for the prediction of changes in sleep structure induced by aircraft noise. Abstract N° 1047

Cognition Test Battery Performance Is Associated with Simulated 6df Spacecraft Docking Performance.