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The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Stable non-Gaussian random processes , by G. Samorodnitsky and M. S. Taqqu. Pp. 632. £49.50. 1994. ISBN 0-412-05171-0 (Chapman and Hall).

In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios, millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed, which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.

A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies

Characterizing user access methods in heterogeneous cloud radio access networks (H-CRANs)is critical for performance optimization. Different from the user access in cloud radio access networks, the inter-tier interference from macro base station has a great impact on user access in H-CRANs. In this paper, after considering the inter-tier interference, the ergodic rates of downlink H- CRANs for two proposed user access methods, namely distance based and cluster based, are analyzed. The corresponding mathematical expressions of ergodic rates have been derived. In particular, the closed-form expression for the upper bound of ergodic rate is proposed. Simulation results corroborate the accuracy of the derived expressions for these two methods. Furthermore, the cluster based user access method outperforms the distance based user access method when the intensity of remote radio heads is sufficiently high.

Ergodic Rate Analysis for User Access in Downlink Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Networks

To satisfy various quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of different services in future fifth generation wireless networks, wireless virtualized network (WVN) architectures have been proposed to concurrently fulfill diversified service demands via network slicing technologies. Considering the dynamic characteristics of wireless channels and user traffic, the resource allocation problem in a WVN with two network slices is formulated, aiming to optimize energy efficiency (EE) while constrained by the power consumption, queue stability and QoS requirements. The formulated nonconvex problem is transformed based on the Lyapunov optimization approach and solved via the Lagrange dual decomposition method and a weighted minimum mean square error approach, with an arbitrarily near-optimal solution obtained. Simulation results demonstrate that there is an EE-delay tradeoff with V being the control parameter and a balance between the EE and the queue delay can be achieved on demand by tuning V flexibly.

Energy-efficient resource allocation in delay-aware wireless virtualized networks

Wireless content caching has recently been considered as an efficient way in fog radio access networks (F-RANs) to alleviate the heavy burden on capacity-limited fronthaul links and reduce delivery latency. In this paper, an advanced minimal delay association policy is proposed to minimize latency while guaranteeing spectral efficiency in F-RANs. By utilizing stochastic geometry and queueing theory, closed-form expressions of successful delivery probability, average ergodic rate, and average delivery latency are derived, where both the traditional association policy based on accessing the base station with maximal received power and the proposed minimal delay association policy are concerned. Impacts of key operating parameters on the aforementioned performance metrics are exploited. It is shown that the proposed association policy has a better delivery latency than the traditional association policy. Increasing the cache size of fog-computing based access points (F-APs) can more significantly reduce average delivery latency, compared with increasing the density of F-APs. Meanwhile, the latter comes at the expense of decreasing average ergodic rate. This implies the deployment of large cache size at F-APs rather than high density of F-APs can promote performance effectively in F-RANs.

Tradeoff Between Ergodic Rate and Delivery Latency in Fog Radio Access Networks

Cloud-radio access networks (C-RANs) are considered as energy efficient network architectures. Nevertheless, a dilemma in C-RAN architecture is to simultaneously optimize both spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). In this paper, the tradeoff between SE and EE are studied considering a downlink multicasting transmission scenario in a C-RAN. In particular, to effectively mitigate the severe interference caused by densely deployed RRHs and improve the energy efficiency, a thinning scheme of RRHs is proposed. With a fixed diluted density of deployed active RRHs, the explicit closed-form expressions for coverage probability, SE and EE are derived by applying stochastic geometry. By using the obtained theoretical result as a utility function, a problem of optimizing the selection radius of RRHs is formulated to make a tradeoff between SE and EE for different preferences. Then, scalarization methods are proposed to give efficient solution. Numerical results validate the correctness and precision of performance analysis and show that the proposed approaches can generate an optimal selection radius of the thinning scheme.

Performance Analysis of Multicasting in Cloud-Radio Access Networks

In a monitoring region including multiple cells, UE reports KPI parameters and location information to an eNodeB when triggering an A3 event representing that QoS of a neighboring cell is better than a predefined offset of a serving cell. The eNodeB reports the KPI parameters and the location information to an OAM device in each monitoring cycle. The OAM device classifies UEs according to the KPI parameters and a cluster analysis method, and determines according to a cluster analysis result whether there is a disconnected cell in the monitoring region; when determining that there is a disconnected cell in the monitoring region, counts the number of disconnected cells, determines disconnection types of the disconnected cells, locates the disconnected cells according to the location information of the UEs in the SON, and triggers a compensation measurement for each disconnected cell according to the disconnection type of the disconnected cell.

Mugen Peng

Papers

Ergodic Rate Analysis for User Access in Downlink Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Networks

Energy-efficient resource allocation in delay-aware wireless virtualized networks

Tradeoff Between Ergodic Rate and Delivery Latency in Fog Radio Access Networks

Performance Analysis of Multicasting in Cloud-Radio Access Networks

Method for detecting cell disconnection and locating disconnected cell in SON of cellular mobile communication system