A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

An intelligent electronic appliance preferably includes a user interface, data input and/or output port, and an intelligent processor. A preferred embodiment comprises a set top box for interacting with broadband media streams, with an adaptive user interface, content-based media processing and/or media metadata processing, and telecommunications integration. An adaptive user interface models the user, by observation, feedback, and/or explicit input, and presents a user interface and/or executes functions based on the user model. A content-based media processing system analyzes media content, for example audio and video, to understand the content, for example to generate content-descriptive metadata. A media metadata processing system operates on locally or remotely generated metadata to process the media in accordance with the metadata, which may be, for example, an electronic program guide, MPEG 7 data, and/or automatically generated format. A set top box preferably includes digital trick play effects, and incorporated digital rights management features.

Intelligent electronic appliance system and method

An adaptive interface for a programmable system, for predicting a desired user function, based on user history, as well as machine internal status and context. The apparatus receives an input from the user and other data. A predicted input is presented for confirmation by the user, and the predictive mechanism is updated based on this feedback. Also provided is a pattern recognition system for a multimedia device, wherein a user input is matched to a video stream on a conceptual basis, allowing inexact programming of a multimedia device. The system analyzes a data stream for correspondence with a data pattern for processing and storage. The data stream is subjected to adaptive pattern recognition to extract features of interest to provide a highly compressed representation which may be efficiently processed to determine correspondence. Applications of the interface and system include a VCR, medical device, vehicle control system, audio device, environmental control system, securities trading terminal, and smart house. The system optionally includes an actuator for effecting the environment of operation, allowing closed-loop feedback operation and automated learning.

Ergonomic man-machine interface incorporating adaptive pattern recognition based control system

We define a new image feature called the color correlogram and use it for image indexing and comparison. This feature distills the spatial correlation of colors, and is both effective and inexpensive for content-based image retrieval. The correlogram robustly tolerates large changes in appearance and shape caused by changes in viewing positions, camera zooms, etc. Experimental evidence suggests that this new feature outperforms not only the traditional color histogram method but also the recently proposed histogram refinement methods for image indexing/retrieval.

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Image indexing using color correlograms

A self-scanned 1024 element photodiode array and minicomputer are used to measure the phase (wavefront) in the interference pattern of an interferometer to lambda/100. The photodiode array samples intensities over a 32 x 32 matrix in the interference pattern as the length of the reference arm is varied piezoelectrically. Using these data the minicomputer synchronously detects the phase at each of the 1024 points by a Fourier series method and displays the wavefront in contour and perspective plot on a storage oscilloscope in less than 1 min (Bruning et al. Paper WE16, OSA Annual Meeting, Oct. 1972). The array of intensities is sampled and averaged many times in a random fashion so that the effects of air turbulence, vibrations, and thermal drifts are minimized. Very significant is the fact that wavefront errors in the interferometer are easily determined and may be automatically subtracted from current or subsequent wavefrots. Various programs supporting the measurement system include software for determining the aperture boundary, sum and difference of wavefronts, removal or insertion of tilt and focus errors, and routines for spatial manipulation of wavefronts. FFT programs transform wavefront data into point spread function and modulus and phase of the optical transfer function of lenses. Display programs plot these functions in contour and perspective. The system has been designed to optimize the collection of data to give higher than usual accuracy in measuring the individual elements and final performance of assembled diffraction limited optical systems, and furthermore, the short loop time of a few minutes makes the system an attractive alternative to constraints imposed by test glasses in the optical shop.

Digital wavefront measuring interferometer for testing optical surfaces and lenses

Suppression of moiré fringes due to sampling of halftone screened images

Color conversion for multi-primary displays using a spherical average method

A full-parallax holographic stereogram, which is suitable for the holographic 3-D printer (holoprinter), is being developed for the output device of three-dimensional (3-D) image hard copies of computer data. A new optical system of the holoprinter for high-speed printing is presented. The new optical system realizes the parallel exposure of elementary holograms using an array of small lenses and reduction optics. In the experiment, 12 elementary holograms were simultaneously exposed by each exposure, and the printing speed became about 10 times faster than the previous experiments, since each exposure time was almost equivalent to the case of the conventional single exposure. The effect of the alignment error of the lens array is also described.

High‐speed recording of full‐parallax holographic stereograms by a parallel exposure system

Color CCD endoscopes with sequential three-color illuminations have the advantage of high spatial resolution but are sensitive to object motion. A digital method is proposed for the restoration of images color-shifted by the object motion. The method makes use of phase-only matching followed by a resampling operation to compensate for a space-variant shift between different primary color images. Restored images are suitable for further image processing such as color emphasis and structure enhancement.

Compensation of motion blur in CCD color endoscope images

The presence of a liver disease such as cirrhosis can be determined by examining the proliferation of
collagen fiber from a tissue slide stained with special stain such as the Masson's trichrome(MT) stain.
Collagen fiber and smooth muscle, which are both stained the same in an H&E stained slide, are stained
blue and pink respectively in an MT-stained slide. In this paper we show that with multispectral imaging
the difference between collagen fiber and smooth muscle can be visualized even from an H&E stained
image. In the method M KL bases are derived using the spectral data of those H&E stained tissue
components which can be easily differentiated from each other, i.e. nucleus, cytoplasm, red blood cells,
etc. and based on the spectral residual error of fiber weighting factors are determined to enhance spectral
features at certain wavelengths. Results of our experiment demonstrate the capability of multispectral
imaging and its advantage compared to the conventional RGB imaging systems to delineate tissue
structures with subtle colorimetric difference.

Nagaaki Ohyama

Papers

Suppression of moiré fringes due to sampling of halftone screened images

Color conversion for multi-primary displays using a spherical average method

High‐speed recording of full‐parallax holographic stereograms by a parallel exposure system

Compensation of motion blur in CCD color endoscope images

Multispectral image enhancement for H&E stained pathological tissue specimens