A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

An intelligent electronic appliance preferably includes a user interface, data input and/or output port, and an intelligent processor. A preferred embodiment comprises a set top box for interacting with broadband media streams, with an adaptive user interface, content-based media processing and/or media metadata processing, and telecommunications integration. An adaptive user interface models the user, by observation, feedback, and/or explicit input, and presents a user interface and/or executes functions based on the user model. A content-based media processing system analyzes media content, for example audio and video, to understand the content, for example to generate content-descriptive metadata. A media metadata processing system operates on locally or remotely generated metadata to process the media in accordance with the metadata, which may be, for example, an electronic program guide, MPEG 7 data, and/or automatically generated format. A set top box preferably includes digital trick play effects, and incorporated digital rights management features.

Intelligent electronic appliance system and method

An adaptive interface for a programmable system, for predicting a desired user function, based on user history, as well as machine internal status and context. The apparatus receives an input from the user and other data. A predicted input is presented for confirmation by the user, and the predictive mechanism is updated based on this feedback. Also provided is a pattern recognition system for a multimedia device, wherein a user input is matched to a video stream on a conceptual basis, allowing inexact programming of a multimedia device. The system analyzes a data stream for correspondence with a data pattern for processing and storage. The data stream is subjected to adaptive pattern recognition to extract features of interest to provide a highly compressed representation which may be efficiently processed to determine correspondence. Applications of the interface and system include a VCR, medical device, vehicle control system, audio device, environmental control system, securities trading terminal, and smart house. The system optionally includes an actuator for effecting the environment of operation, allowing closed-loop feedback operation and automated learning.

Ergonomic man-machine interface incorporating adaptive pattern recognition based control system

We define a new image feature called the color correlogram and use it for image indexing and comparison. This feature distills the spatial correlation of colors, and is both effective and inexpensive for content-based image retrieval. The correlogram robustly tolerates large changes in appearance and shape caused by changes in viewing positions, camera zooms, etc. Experimental evidence suggests that this new feature outperforms not only the traditional color histogram method but also the recently proposed histogram refinement methods for image indexing/retrieval.

/pdf/image-indexing-using-color-correlograms-46xcwi22a8.pdf

Image indexing using color correlograms

A self-scanned 1024 element photodiode array and minicomputer are used to measure the phase (wavefront) in the interference pattern of an interferometer to lambda/100. The photodiode array samples intensities over a 32 x 32 matrix in the interference pattern as the length of the reference arm is varied piezoelectrically. Using these data the minicomputer synchronously detects the phase at each of the 1024 points by a Fourier series method and displays the wavefront in contour and perspective plot on a storage oscilloscope in less than 1 min (Bruning et al. Paper WE16, OSA Annual Meeting, Oct. 1972). The array of intensities is sampled and averaged many times in a random fashion so that the effects of air turbulence, vibrations, and thermal drifts are minimized. Very significant is the fact that wavefront errors in the interferometer are easily determined and may be automatically subtracted from current or subsequent wavefrots. Various programs supporting the measurement system include software for determining the aperture boundary, sum and difference of wavefronts, removal or insertion of tilt and focus errors, and routines for spatial manipulation of wavefronts. FFT programs transform wavefront data into point spread function and modulus and phase of the optical transfer function of lenses. Display programs plot these functions in contour and perspective. The system has been designed to optimize the collection of data to give higher than usual accuracy in measuring the individual elements and final performance of assembled diffraction limited optical systems, and furthermore, the short loop time of a few minutes makes the system an attractive alternative to constraints imposed by test glasses in the optical shop.

Digital wavefront measuring interferometer for testing optical surfaces and lenses

In a color reproduction device, an input profile that is referenced in converting an input image from an image input device into a device-independent color image is created based on image input device information, shooting- and observation-time lighting data, and subject data, allowing accurate conversion of the input image to the device-independent color image. In reproducing the image by an image output device, the spectral reflectance of the subject itself is calculated from image input device information and shooting-time lighting data, thereby reducing the effect of the shooting-time lighting. The colors of the subject under observation lighting are calculated from observation-time lighting data. A color reproduced image is estimated accurately on the basis of the subject data even if the input image has little information.

Color reproducing device

The range of the reproducible color, i.e., color gamut, of the conventional display devices such as CRTs (cathode ray tubes) and LCDs (liquid crystal displays) is sometimes insufficient for reproducing the natural color of an object through color imaging systems. In this paper, six-primary color display is presented to reproduce the expanded color gamut, by using two conventional RGB projectors and six interference filters. The design method of the filters is also introduced to maximize the volume of the color gamut in CIE-LUV uniform color space. Using the experimental system, the gamut of the six-primary projection display is evaluated comparing with that of conventional CRTs and projectors.

Expanded color gamut reproduced by six-primary projection display

We propose a holographic three-dimensional (3-D) printer that produces 3-D hard copies of computer data. A new technique for synthesizing a holographic stereogram (HS) has been invented for the purpose of making accurate hard copies of 3-D objects. The flat-format, Lippmann-type HS is printed by one optical step and is ideally suitable for 3-D printer application. This type of HS has both horizontal and vertical parallaxes so that the reconstructed image is free from distortion. The principle and the image quality of this type of HS are described, and a reconstructed image from this type of HS with 160 × 128 elements is experimentally demonstrated. The systematic constitution of a holographic 3-D printer is also discussed.

Holographic three-dimensional printer: new method

We have shown that the application of double random phase encoding (DRPE) to biometrics enables the use of biometrics as cipher keys for binary data encryption. However, DRPE is reported to be vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks (KPAs) using a phase recovery algorithm. In this study, we investigated the vulnerability of DRPE using fingerprints as cipher keys to the KPAs. By means of computational experiments, we estimated the encryption key and restored the fingerprint image using the estimated key. Further, we propose a method for avoiding the KPA on the DRPE that employs the phase retrieval algorithm. The proposed method makes the amplitude component of the encrypted image constant in order to prevent the amplitude component of the encrypted image from being used as a clue for phase retrieval. Computational experiments showed that the proposed method not only avoids revealing the cipher key and the fingerprint but also serves as a sufficiently accurate verification system.

Known plaintext attack on double random phase encoding using fingerprint as key and a method for avoiding the attack

An image processing apparatus comprises a CPU, an information input unit, a main storage made up of a RAM, an image input interface, a display interface, and a ROM. These components are mutually connected on a bus. The CPU includes an image processor which operates according to programs stored in the ROM. The image processor comprises a corresponding point detector for detecting corresponding points in multiple images, an image matching unit for matching at least two images according to the output result of the corresponding point detector, and an image synthesizer for synthesizing at least part of at least one image portion matched by said image matching unit with at least part of image information of other images to form a single image. The information input unit is a keyboard for entering the type of an electronic endoscope and other data. The image input interface is connected to image memories and receives image data from the memories.

Nagaaki Ohyama

Papers

Color reproducing device

Expanded color gamut reproduced by six-primary projection display

Holographic three-dimensional printer: new method

Known plaintext attack on double random phase encoding using fingerprint as key and a method for avoiding the attack

Image processing apparatus using correlation among images