抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair 

Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect 

Nancy M. Albert, PhD, RN, FAHA

Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA

Ralph G. Brindis, MD, MPH, MACC

Mark A. Creager, MD, FACC, FAHA[#][1]

Lesley H. Curtis, PhD, FAHA

David DeMets, PhD[#][1]

Robert A

/pdf/2014-aha-acc-hrs-guideline-for-the-management-of-patients-1v8ficsqox.pdf

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society

The Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)  

Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC  

Endorsed by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)

/pdf/2016-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-atrial-ba0601yb9m.pdf

2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS

/pdf/2016-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-atrial-36b2cidm1x.pdf

2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Endorsed by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)

Supplementary Table 9, column 'Edoxaban', row 'eGFR category', '95 mL/min' (page 15). The cell should be coloured green instead of yellow. It should also read "60 mg"instead of "60 mg (use with caution in 'supranormal' renal function)."In the above-indicated cell, a footnote has also been added to state: "Edoxaban should be used in patients with high creatinine clearance only after a careful evaluation of the individual thromboembolic and bleeding risk."Supplementary Table 9, column 'Edoxaban', row 'Dose reduction in selected patients' (page 16). The cell should read "Edoxaban 60 mg reduced to 30 mg once daily if any of the following: creatinine clearance 15-50 mL/min, body weight <60 kg, concomitant use of dronedarone, erythromycin, ciclosporine or ketokonazole"instead of "Edoxaban 60 mg reduced to 30 mg once daily, and edoxaban 30 mg reduced to 15mg once daily, if any of the following: creatinine clearance of 30-50 mL/min, body weight <60 kg, concomitant us of verapamil or quinidine or dronedarone."

/pdf/2020-esc-guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-38dpic1xu8.pdf

2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).

Background: Atrial tachycardia remodeling (ATR) enhances constitutive acetylcholine regulated K+ current (IKAChC), which causes APD shortening and AF promotion. The underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here we examined the role of G-proteins and regulation by classical Ca2+-dependent PKC (cPKC) and novel (nPKC) isoforms. Methods: Cell-attached single-channel IKACh was recorded with carbachol (10 μM) in the pipette (agonist-activated current, IKAChA) and in its absence (IKAChC) in atrial cells from control (CTL) and ATR (400 bpm × 1 wk) dogs. Results: ATR increased IKAChC opening frequency (fo) from 2.2±0.2 to 15.3±0.6 Hz (figure). The Gβγ-scavenger M119 inhibited IKAChC similarly for CTL and ATR (by 67±2%, 65±1%), and more than IKAChA (by 27±2%). Combined cPKC/nPKC inhibition with BIM-I enhanced IKAChA (by 14±3%) but suppressed ATR-IKAChC (by 35±5%), suggesting stimulatory effects of some PKC isoforms and inhibitory effects of others. Selective inhibition of cPKC with GO-6976 had no effect on IKA...

Abstract 2575: Mechanisms Underlying Activation of Constitutive Acetylcholine-regulated Potassium Channels by Atrial Tachycardia Remodeling

Adverse side effects of drugs are a significantly underestimated problem in modern medicine. In this review article, we summarize common adverse side effects of cardiovascular drugs. In particular, we highlight the factors promoting these adverse side effects in patients, including reduced hepatic or renal clearance in elderly patients that often requires dosage adjustment. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs (e.g. through the cytochrome P450 system or P-glycoproteins) can modify the plasma concentration of many compounds, thereby also increasing the likelihood of unwanted side effects. The most prominent cardiac side effects include arrhythmias, e.g. atrioventricular (AV) block, drug-induced long-QT syndrome and torsade de pointes and altered inotropy. Non-cardiac side effects are subsequently discussed grouped by drug class. A better understanding of the risks and side effects of cardiovascular drugs is expected to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with adverse side effects.

Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Risks and adverse effects

Arzneimittelinteraktionen (AMI) sind ein haufig unterschatztes Problem der modernen Medizin. Die Zahl alterer, multimorbider Patienten, die mehrere Wirkstoffe gleichzeitig einnehmen, nimmt stetig zu – der damit verbundene exponentielle Anstieg moglicher AMI ist fast unuberschaubar. Diese Ubersicht stellt haufige, relevante AMI anhand von Beispielen dar und zeigt Strategien auf, wie sie in der Praxis fruhzeitig erkannt und vermieden werden konnen.

Arzneimittelinteraktionen, die man kennen muss!

/pdf/arzneimittelinteraktionen-die-man-kennen-muss-32vqtqil2h.pdf

Niels Voigt

Papers

Abstract 2575: Mechanisms Underlying Activation of Constitutive Acetylcholine-regulated Potassium Channels by Atrial Tachycardia Remodeling

Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Risks and adverse effects

Arzneimittelinteraktionen, die man kennen muss!

Arzneimittelinteraktionen, die man kennen muss!

Arzneimittelinteraktionen, die man kennen muss!