抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair 

Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect 

Nancy M. Albert, PhD, RN, FAHA

Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA

Ralph G. Brindis, MD, MPH, MACC

Mark A. Creager, MD, FACC, FAHA[#][1]

Lesley H. Curtis, PhD, FAHA

David DeMets, PhD[#][1]

Robert A

/pdf/2014-aha-acc-hrs-guideline-for-the-management-of-patients-1v8ficsqox.pdf

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society

The Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)  

Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC  

Endorsed by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)

/pdf/2016-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-atrial-ba0601yb9m.pdf

2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS

/pdf/2016-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-atrial-36b2cidm1x.pdf

2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Endorsed by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)

Supplementary Table 9, column 'Edoxaban', row 'eGFR category', '95 mL/min' (page 15). The cell should be coloured green instead of yellow. It should also read "60 mg"instead of "60 mg (use with caution in 'supranormal' renal function)."In the above-indicated cell, a footnote has also been added to state: "Edoxaban should be used in patients with high creatinine clearance only after a careful evaluation of the individual thromboembolic and bleeding risk."Supplementary Table 9, column 'Edoxaban', row 'Dose reduction in selected patients' (page 16). The cell should read "Edoxaban 60 mg reduced to 30 mg once daily if any of the following: creatinine clearance 15-50 mL/min, body weight <60 kg, concomitant use of dronedarone, erythromycin, ciclosporine or ketokonazole"instead of "Edoxaban 60 mg reduced to 30 mg once daily, and edoxaban 30 mg reduced to 15mg once daily, if any of the following: creatinine clearance of 30-50 mL/min, body weight <60 kg, concomitant us of verapamil or quinidine or dronedarone."

/pdf/2020-esc-guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-38dpic1xu8.pdf

2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).

Fluoride has been used in the internal recording solution for manual and automated patch clamp experiments for decades because it helps to improve the seal resistance and promotes longer lasting recordings. In manual patch clamp, fluoride has been used to record voltage-gated Na (NaV) channels where seal resistance and access resistance are critical for good voltage control. In automated patch clamp, suction is applied from underneath the patch clamp chip to attract a cell to the hole and obtain a good seal. Since the patch clamp aperture cannot be moved to improve the seal like the patch clamp pipette in manual patch clamp, automated patch clamp manufacturers use internal fluoride to improve the success rate for obtaining GΩ seals. However, internal fluoride can affect voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation, as well as affecting internal second messenger systems and therefore, it is desirable to have the option to perform experiments using physiological, fluoride-free internal solution. We have developed an approach for high throughput fluoride-free recordings on a 384-well based automated patch clamp system with success rates >40% for GΩ seals. We demonstrate this method using hERG expressed in HEK cells, as well as NaV1.5, NaV1.7, and KCa3.1 expressed in CHO cells. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of using fluoride and provide examples of where fluoride can be used, where caution should be exerted and where fluoride-free solutions provide an advantage over fluoride-containing solutions.

There is no F in APC: Using physiological fluoride-free solutions for high throughput automated patch clamp experiments

Scientists on the Spot: Autophagy and heart disease.

Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; HCR, Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

/pdf/esc-congress-2018-highlights-in-basic-science-a-report-from-38vm6tu4jd.pdf

ESC Congress 2018 highlights in basic science: a report from the Scientists of Tomorrow.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in developed countries. AF is associated with increased mortality and morbidity due to thromboembolism, stroke and worsening of pre-existing heart failure. Currently available pharmacological therapies for AF suffer from unsatisfying efficacy and/or are associated with major side effects such as bleeding complications or proarrhythmia. These limitations largely result from the fact that most of the currently available drugs were developed on an empirical basis, without precise knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the arrhythmia. During the last decade substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms contributing to the initiation and maintenance of AF. This knowledge is expected to stimulate the development of safer and more effective drugs. Here, we review new antiarrhythmic drug targets, which have emerged based on this increasing knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of AF.

New antiarrhythmic targets in atrial fibrillation.

Arzneimittelinteraktionen (AMI) sind ein haufig unterschatztes Problem der modernen Medizin. Die Zahl alterer, multimorbider Patienten, die mehrere Wirkstoffe gleichzeitig einnehmen, nimmt stetig zu – der damit verbundene exponentielle Anstieg moglicher AMI ist fast unuberschaubar. Diese Ubersicht stellt haufige, relevante AMI anhand von Beispielen dar und zeigt Strategien auf, wie sie in der Praxis fruhzeitig erkannt und vermieden werden konnen.

/pdf/arzneimittelinteraktionen-die-man-kennen-muss-6pejm0w19e.pdf

Niels Voigt

Papers

There is no F in APC: Using physiological fluoride-free solutions for high throughput automated patch clamp experiments

Scientists on the Spot: Autophagy and heart disease.

ESC Congress 2018 highlights in basic science: a report from the Scientists of Tomorrow.

New antiarrhythmic targets in atrial fibrillation.

Arzneimittelinteraktionen, die man kennen muss!