다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal pattern formation in systems driven away from equilibrium is presented, with emphasis on comparisons between theory and quantitative experiments. Examples include patterns in hydrodynamic systems such as thermal convection in pure fluids and binary mixtures, Taylor-Couette flow, parametric-wave instabilities, as well as patterns in solidification fronts, nonlinear optics, oscillatory chemical reactions and excitable biological media. The theoretical starting point is usually a set of deterministic equations of motion, typically in the form of nonlinear partial differential equations. These are sometimes supplemented by stochastic terms representing thermal or instrumental noise, but for macroscopic systems and carefully designed experiments the stochastic forces are often negligible. An aim of theory is to describe solutions of the deterministic equations that are likely to be reached starting from typical initial conditions and to persist at long times. A unified description is developed, based on the linear instabilities of a homogeneous state, which leads naturally to a classification of patterns in terms of the characteristic wave vector q0 and frequency ω0 of the instability. Type Is systems (ω0=0, q0≠0) are stationary in time and periodic in space; type IIIo systems (ω0≠0, q0=0) are periodic in time and uniform in space; and type Io systems (ω0≠0, q0≠0) are periodic in both space and time. Near a continuous (or supercritical) instability, the dynamics may be accurately described via "amplitude equations," whose form is universal for each type of instability. The specifics of each system enter only through the nonuniversal coefficients. Far from the instability threshold a different universal description known as the "phase equation" may be derived, but it is restricted to slow distortions of an ideal pattern. For many systems appropriate starting equations are either not known or too complicated to analyze conveniently. It is thus useful to introduce phenomenological order-parameter models, which lead to the correct amplitude equations near threshold, and which may be solved analytically or numerically in the nonlinear regime away from the instability. The above theoretical methods are useful in analyzing "real pattern effects" such as the influence of external boundaries, or the formation and dynamics of defects in ideal structures. An important element in nonequilibrium systems is the appearance of deterministic chaos. A greal deal is known about systems with a small number of degrees of freedom displaying "temporal chaos," where the structure of the phase space can be analyzed in detail. For spatially extended systems with many degrees of freedom, on the other hand, one is dealing with spatiotemporal chaos and appropriate methods of analysis need to be developed. In addition to the general features of nonequilibrium pattern formation discussed above, detailed reviews of theoretical and experimental work on many specific systems are presented. These include Rayleigh-Benard convection in a pure fluid, convection in binary-fluid mixtures, electrohydrodynamic convection in nematic liquid crystals, Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders, parametric surface waves, patterns in certain open flow systems, oscillatory chemical reactions, static and dynamic patterns in biological media, crystallization fronts, and patterns in nonlinear optics. A concluding section summarizes what has and has not been accomplished, and attempts to assess the prospects for the future.

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Pattern formation outside of equilibrium

Large linear systems of saddle point type arise in a wide variety of applications throughout computational science and engineering. Due to their indefiniteness and often poor spectral properties, such linear systems represent a significant challenge for solver developers. In recent years there has been a surge of interest in saddle point problems, and numerous solution techniques have been proposed for this type of system. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss a large selection of solution methods for linear systems in saddle point form, with an emphasis on iterative methods for large and sparse problems.

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Numerical solution of saddle point problems

Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0)

저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

Preface 1. Fluid mechanics and computation: an introduction 2. Approximation methods for elliptic problems 3. Parabolic and hyperbolic problems 4. Mutidimensional problems 5. Steady Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations 6. Unsteady Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations 7. Domain decomposition 8. Vector and parallel implementations Appendix A. Preliminary mathematical concepts Appendix B. Orthogonal polynomials and discrete transforms.

/pdf/high-order-methods-for-incompressible-fluid-flow-1ml9ailuf6.pdf

High-Order Methods for Incompressible Fluid Flow

https://www.mcs.anl.gov/~fischer/pubhtml/jcp97.pdf

An Overlapping Schwarz Method for Spectral Element Solution of the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

High-Order Methods for Incompressible Fluid Flow: List of Figures

Fully resolved direct numerical simulations (DNSs) have been performed with a high-order spectral element method to study the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a smooth circular pipe of radius R and axial length 25R in the turbulent flow regime at four different friction Reynolds numbers Reτ = 180, 360, 550 and \(1\text{,}000\). The new set of data is put into perspective with other simulation data sets, obtained in pipe, channel and boundary layer geometry. In particular, differences between different pipe DNS are highlighted. It turns out that the pressure is the variable which differs the most between pipes, channels and boundary layers, leading to significantly different mean and pressure fluctuations, potentially linked to a stronger wake region. In the buffer layer, the variation with Reynolds number of the inner peak of axial velocity fluctuation intensity is similar between channel and boundary layer flows, but lower for the pipe, while the inner peak of the pressure fluctuations show negligible differences between pipe and channel flows but is clearly lower than that for the boundary layer, which is the same behaviour as for the fluctuating wall shear stress. Finally, turbulent kinetic energy budgets are almost indistinguishable between the canonical flows close to the wall (up to y + ≈ 100), while substantial differences are observed in production and dissipation in the outer layer. A clear Reynolds number dependency is documented for the three flow configurations.

/pdf/direct-numerical-simulation-of-turbulent-pipe-flow-at-1wux1gakhm.pdf

Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Pipe Flow at Moderately High Reynolds Numbers

We perform direct numerical simulations of a rigid sphere translating parallel to a flat wall in an otherwise quiescent ambient fluid. A spectral element method is employed to perform the simulations with high accuracy. For above about 100. Detailed analysis of the flow field around the sphere suggests that this increase is due to an imperfect bifurcation resulting in the formation of a double-threaded wake vortical structure. In addition to a non-rotating sphere, we also simulate a freely rotating sphere in order to assess the importance of free rotation on the translational motion of the sphere. We observe the effect of sphere rotation on lift and drag forces to be small. We also explore the effect of the wall on the onset of unsteadiness.

/pdf/wall-induced-forces-on-a-rigid-sphere-at-finite-reynolds-43b8ezf4gb.pdf

Paul Fischer

Papers

High-Order Methods for Incompressible Fluid Flow

An Overlapping Schwarz Method for Spectral Element Solution of the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

High-Order Methods for Incompressible Fluid Flow: List of Figures

Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Pipe Flow at Moderately High Reynolds Numbers

Wall-induced forces on a rigid sphere at finite Reynolds number