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Using Multivariate Statistics

ABCD
: Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes
ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ABPM
: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ACCESS
: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival
ACCOMPLISH
: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACTIVE I
: Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation
AHEAD
: Action for HEAlth in Diabetes
ALLHAT
: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack
ALTITUDE
: ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints
ANTIPAF
: ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
APOLLO
: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People
ARB
: angiotensin receptor blocker
ARIC
: Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities
ARR
: aldosterone renin ratio
ASCOT
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial
ASCOT-LLA
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm
ASTRAL
: Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions
A-V
: atrioventricular
BB
: beta-blocker
BMI
: body mass index
BP
: blood pressure
BSA
: body surface area
CA
: calcium antagonist
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft
CAPPP
: CAPtopril Prevention Project
CAPRAF
: CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CHHIPS
: Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
CKD-EPI
: Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration
CONVINCE
: Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints
CT
: computed tomography
CV
: cardiovascular
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
D
: diuretic
DASH
: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Study
DIRECT
: DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials
DM
: diabetes mellitus
DPP-4
: dipeptidyl peptidase 4
EAS
: European Atherosclerosis Society
EASD
: European Association for the Study of Diabetes
ECG
: electrocardiogram
EF
: ejection fraction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
ELSA
: European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis
ESC
: European Society of Cardiology
ESH
: European Society of Hypertension
ESRD
: end-stage renal disease
EXPLOR
: Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination
FDA
: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FEVER
: Felodipine EVent Reduction study
GISSI-AF
: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HBPM
: home blood pressure monitoring
HOPE
: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment
HRT
: hormone replacement therapy
HT
: hypertension
HYVET
: HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial
IMT
: intima-media thickness
I-PRESERVE
: Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function
INTERHEART
: Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries
INVEST
: INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril
ISH
: Isolated systolic hypertension
JNC
: Joint National Committee
JUPITER
: Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin
LAVi
: left atrial volume index
LIFE
: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives
LV
: left ventricle/left ventricular
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
LVM
: left ventricular mass
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MRFIT
: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
NORDIL
: The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study
OC
: oral contraceptive
OD
: organ damage
ONTARGET
: ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PATHS
: Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PPAR
: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PREVEND
: Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease
PROFESS
: Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes
PROGRESS
: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QALY
: Quality adjusted life years
RAA
: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
RAS
: renin-angiotensin system
RCT
: randomized controlled trials
RF
: risk factor
ROADMAP
: Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCAST
: Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke
SCOPE
: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly
SCORE
: Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STOP
: Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension
STOP-2
: The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension
SYSTCHINA
: SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial
SYSTEUR
: SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe
TIA
: transient ischaemic attack
TOHP
: Trials Of Hypertension Prevention
TRANSCEND
: Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation
WHO
: World Health Organization

### 1.1 Principles

The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …

/pdf/2013-esh-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-arterial-4ydvs5ifsx.pdf

2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61728-0.pdf

Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

The alleviation of poverty and deprivation from global down to local scales is high on political and academic agendas. The words poverty and deprivation are often used synonymously but their definition and method of calculation remain the subject of wide and intense debate. Definitions of poverty tend to focus on levels of income in relation to subsistence and have been influenced by Seebohm Rowntree (1901) who believed that sufficient income was needed for the maintenance of physical efficiency and Beveridge (1942) who wrote that to avoid poverty a family’s income must be, “sufficient to take into account food, clothing, fuel, light and household sundries and rent”. In terms of deprivation, people can be deprived of adequate education, housing of good quality, rewarding employment, sufficient income, good health and opportunities for enjoyment (Dorling 1996). As such then, deprivation is multi-dimensional and has a broader definition than poverty. The papers in this special issue of Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy on poverty and deprivation mapping have their roots in a conference session at the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research (CCSR) in Manchester, September, 2008. The presenters there found common ground in discussions on the need for the dynamics of measurements of poverty and deprivation to be considered. The very varied work reported here includes examples from the UK, the USA and from Central America. In the first paper, Dorling and Pritchard take us on a journey through time from the mid-nineteenth century to date by considering the temporal changes in levels of recorded poverty in Britain. They distinguish between early work during times of anecdotal reporting, the first national counts and geographical distribution descriptions, and a current ‘industry devoted to poverty counting and cartography’. This journey parallels the development of statistical methods from Pearson onwards and of the representation of society using area-based measures and cartography from Booth and Rowntree up to Dorling’s innovative cartograms. An underlying theme of Appl. Spatial Analysis (2010) 3:77–79 DOI 10.1007/s12061-010-9054-4

/pdf/editorial-poverty-and-deprivation-mapping-3bzp0oon9y.pdf

Editorial: Poverty and Deprivation Mapping

Aortic dissection is where the medial layer of the arterial wall is separated by a tear leading to intramural bleeding. The blood forms an alternate channel of flow known as the false lumen. Thrombosis of the false lumen (FL) is common in cases of dissection as flow conditions are typically more stagnant than in the true lumen (TL). Central to the process of thrombosis is the activation and aggregation of platelets in the blood. Therefore, the aim of this work is to simulate the transport of platelets in a case of Type-B aortic dissection in a clinically-relevant timeframe.

Simulating Platelet Transport in Type-B Aortic Dissection

Over time, technology has greatly enhanced access to vast amounts of public data in government datasets. At the same time there has been an increase in ‘neighbourhood’ level research, in which researchers typically select an administrative unit for their analysis. As the demand for data driven insights and decision making continues to rise, researchers face a tradeoff between data suppression (to protect the privacy of citizens) and homogeneity (the similarity of individuals within an area unit for given characteristics). In this paper, we explore the extent that different scales of geography impact data suppression and spatial homogeneity using the intra-class correlation and the D-Statistic. We use age, sex, ethnicity, education and income data from the 2013 New Zealand Census to assess a) the extent to which data are suppressed, and b) the spatial homogeneity of these variables across 5 scales of ‘small area’ geography available to researchers in NZ. The data used for this paper was accessed via the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI), a large data repository of de-identified, linked microdata obtained from government agencies, and nationally representative surveys. The scales used in this study are the 2013 Meshblock, Statistical Area 1, Data Zone, Statistical Area 2 and Area Unit, each of which can be used to analyse patterns at the ‘neighbourhood’ scale. We found that Data Zones are a suitable choice for undertaking analyses of census data as they represent a’medium’ scale geography designed to reduce data suppression while maintaining reasonable levels of population homogeneity. The policy implications for this research relate to zone design and decisions relating to the definition of ‘a small cell count’ for data dissemination for different users of sociodemographic data. 

/pdf/inter-relationships-between-geographical-scale-socio-1tdwsv2r.pdf

Inter-relationships between geographical scale, socio-economic data suppression and population homogeneity

CHC22 clathrin plays a key role in intracellular membrane trafficking of the insulin-responsive GLUT4 glucose transporter, and so in post-prandial clearance of glucose from human blood. We performed population genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the CLTCL1 gene, encoding CHC22, to understand its variable presence in vertebrates and gain insight into its functional evolution. Analysis of ~50 complete vertebrate genomes showed independent loss of CLTCL1 in nine lineages after it arose from a gene duplication during the emergence of jawed vertebrates. All vertebrate and non-vertebrate eukaryotes considered here have retained the parent CLTC gene encoding CHC17 clathrin, which mediates endocytosis and other housekeeping membrane traffic pathways. Statistical analysis provides evidence of strong purifying selection over phylogenetic timescales for CLTCL1, as well as for CLTC, supporting preserved functionality of CHC22 in those species that have retained CLTCL1. In population genetic analyses of humans and chimpanzees, extensive allelic diversity was observed for CLTCL1 compared to CLTC. In all human populations, two variants of CLTCL1 segregate at high frequency, resulting in CHC22 protein with either methionine or valine at position 1316. The V1316 variant occurs only in humans, but the same site is polymorphic in non-human primates as well. Analysis of archaic and ancient humans bounded the appearance of the derived V1316 allele to 500-50 KYA. Balancing selection on the two high-frequency CHC22 variants is inferred, with V1316 being more frequent in farming, as compared to hunter-gatherer populations. Together these analyses suggest that CHC22 clathrin is undergoing selection in humans related to its role in nutrient metabolism. Consistent with this conclusion, we observed functional differences between the two CHC22 variants in their ability to control GLUT4 membrane traffic, as predicted by structural modeling and differences in cellular dynamics of the two variants.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/04/26/307264.full.pdf

Paul Norman

Papers

Editorial: Poverty and Deprivation Mapping

Simulating Platelet Transport in Type-B Aortic Dissection

Inter-relationships between geographical scale, socio-economic data suppression and population homogeneity

Evolution of the CLTCL1 Gene Encoding CHC22 Clathrin Reveals Selection Influencing CHC22’s Role in Human Glucose Metabolism

Enhancing a brief online intervention to reduce alcohol consumption.