There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in oxide materials

An assessment of high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). An invited review

Rapid growth in the market for electric vehicles is imperative, to meet global targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to improve air quality in urban centres and to meet the needs of consumers, with whom electric vehicles are increasingly popular. However, growing numbers of electric vehicles present a serious waste-management challenge for recyclers at end-of-life. Nevertheless, spent batteries may also present an opportunity as manufacturers require access to strategic elements and critical materials for key components in electric-vehicle manufacture: recycled lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles could provide a valuable secondary source of materials. Here we outline and evaluate the current range of approaches to electric-vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling and re-use, and highlight areas for future progress. Processes for dismantling and recycling lithium-ion battery packs from scrap electric vehicles are outlined.

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Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Zinc fuming processes for treatment of zinc-containing residues

As process feedstocks to pyrometallurgical operations become more varied, and complex control over the viscosity, one of the key properties of the slag system, becomes more challenging. To ad-dress this problem new slag viscosity measurement and modelling tools have recently been devel-oped. The viscosity measurements are undertaken using a rotating bob technique; however the design of the apparatus differs significantly from conventional commercially-available instruments. This new design enables i) Control of the gas atmosphere, in particular the oxygen partial pressure of the system. ii) Quenching of the samples at any stage of the viscosity measurements. The new design makes it possible to measure slag viscosities over a wide range of chemical compo-sitions, oxygen partial pressures and temperatures. In addition, it is possible to measure the viscosi-ties of partially crystallised slags, and to directly determine the proportions and chemical composi-tions of the phases present in these slags using electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). New mathematical models have also been developed enabling the viscosities in complex slag sys-tems to be predicted. The quasi-chemical viscosity model is valid for liquids at all compositions and temperatures within the system Al-Ca-Fe-K-Mg-Na-Si-O under reducing conditions. Used in con-junction with the FactSage program and its associated thermodynamic databases, the viscosities of solid/liquid slurries commonly encountered in industrial slag systems can be predicted. Examples of recent experimental measurements and viscosity predictions relevant to recycling tech-nologies used in non-ferrous metal smelting systems are presented.

New tools for viscosity measurement and modelling of fully liquid and partly crystallised slags

Understanding the significance of magnesia as a common component in copper processing slags is essential for optimisation of the industrial copper production. Fundamental experimental studies have been undertaken to determine the effect of MgO on the equilibria between the gas phase (CO-CO2-SO2-Ar) and slag-matte-tridymite phases in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si-Mg system at 1473 K (1200 °C) and 1573 K (1300 °C), and P(SO2) = 0.25 atm. The experimental methodology used was based on equilibration, quenching and microanalysis. New experimental data have been obtained for the four-phase gas–slag–matte–tridymite equilibria system for a range of MgO concentrations up to 3.1 wt pct in the slag phase as a function of matte grade, including the concentrations of dissolved sulphur and copper in slag, and Fe/SiO2 ratios in slag. The results are also used to analyse the effect of temperature on phase equilibria in the range investigated. The results obtained showed that dissolution of sulphur, copper and “FeO” in slag decreases with increase of MgO in slag while it has no detectable effect on concentration of sulphur in matte. Also, dissolved copper and sulphur in slag increases when temperature increases while the Fe/SiO2 ratio in slag is greater at 1473 K (1200 °C) than 1573 K (1300 °C). The new data provided in the present study are of direct relevance to the pyrometallurgical processing of copper and will be used as an input for optimization of the FactSage thermodynamic database for the copper-containing multi-component multi-phase system.

The effect of MgO on gas–slag–matte–tridymite equilibria in fayalite-based copper smelting slags at 1473 K (1200 °C) and 1573 K (1300 °C), and P(SO2) = 0.25 atm

The effect of phosphorus and oxygen on the nitriding of α-Fe

The effect of temperature, CaO, MgO and Al2O3 on important technological copper smelting parameters, such as the chemically dissolved copper in slag and the composition of the liquid phase in equilibrium with tridymite, are experimentally characterised as a function of copper concentration in matte. Two series of experiments for the gas/slag/matte/tridymite equilibria in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si system at p(SO2) = 0.25 atm have been carried out. The effect of CaO at 1573 K (1300 °C), and the combined effect of Al2O3 + CaO + MgO at 1473 K (1200 °C) and 1573 K (1300 °C) have been measured in the first and second series of experiments respectively. The experimental methodology involves high temperature equilibration of samples on a substrate made from the primary phase under controlled gas atmosphere (CO/CO2/SO2/Ar), followed by rapid quenching of the equilibrium condensed phases and direct measurement of the phase compositions using the Electron Probe x-ray Microanalysis. The resulting data are used in the optimization of the thermodynamic database for the copper-containing systems.

Experimental Investigation of Gas/Slag/Matte/Tridymite Equilibria in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si-Al-Ca-Mg System in Controlled Gas Atmosphere: Experimental Results at 1473 K (1200 °C), 1573 K (1300 °C) and p(SO2) = 0.25 atm

Peter C. Hayes

Papers

Zinc fuming processes for treatment of zinc-containing residues

New tools for viscosity measurement and modelling of fully liquid and partly crystallised slags

The effect of MgO on gas–slag–matte–tridymite equilibria in fayalite-based copper smelting slags at 1473 K (1200 °C) and 1573 K (1300 °C), and P(SO2) = 0.25 atm

The effect of phosphorus and oxygen on the nitriding of α-Fe

Experimental Investigation of Gas/Slag/Matte/Tridymite Equilibria in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si-Al-Ca-Mg System in Controlled Gas Atmosphere: Experimental Results at 1473 K (1200 °C), 1573 K (1300 °C) and p(SO2) = 0.25 atm