There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in oxide materials

An assessment of high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). An invited review

Rapid growth in the market for electric vehicles is imperative, to meet global targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to improve air quality in urban centres and to meet the needs of consumers, with whom electric vehicles are increasingly popular. However, growing numbers of electric vehicles present a serious waste-management challenge for recyclers at end-of-life. Nevertheless, spent batteries may also present an opportunity as manufacturers require access to strategic elements and critical materials for key components in electric-vehicle manufacture: recycled lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles could provide a valuable secondary source of materials. Here we outline and evaluate the current range of approaches to electric-vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling and re-use, and highlight areas for future progress. Processes for dismantling and recycling lithium-ion battery packs from scrap electric vehicles are outlined.

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Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Laboratory experimental study was undertaken to characterise the four-phase slag/matte/metal/tridymite equilibria of the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si system at 1 473 K [1 200 8C], 1 523 K [1 250 8C] and 1 573 [1 300 8C] in a "closed" system without interaction with gas phase. The research methodology involved high temperature equilibration, ultra-fast quenching of the equilibrated samples followed by quantitative measurement of the equilibrated phases by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Attainment of chemical equilibrium was carefully checked by the 4-points test approach. The results obtained in the present study provide reliable fundamental experimental information, which is crucial for the development and optimisation of the multicomponent thermodynamic database for copper-containing systems.

Experimental investigation of slag/matte/metal/tridymite equilibria in the Cu–Fe–O–S–Si system at 1 473 K (1 200 °C), 1 523 K (1 250 °C) and 1 573 K (1 300 °C)

The system Al2O3–MgO–SiO2–CaO–Fe2O3–Cr2O3 forms the basis of slags used in the direct and electric arc smelting of ferrochromium While the importance of slag chemistry on metallurgical performance has been recognised, there remain nevertheless aspects of the phase chemistry and physicochemical properties of these high melting temperature slags that have yet to be fully characterised Using the combination of phase equilibria experimental studies and thermodynamic and viscosity modelling, it is now possible to provide accurate descriptions of these systems The use of new experimental and advanced material characterisation techniques involving primary phase support technique/quenching/electron probe X-ray microanalysis enables accurate determination of liquidus and subliquidus equilibria in these complex slag systems Experimental data are used to develop advanced thermodynamic models, and databases of these complex oxide systems are incorporated into the internationally used computer package FactSage to 

Phase equilibria and viscosities in ferrochromium smelting slags

Limited data are available on the phase chemistry of the multi-component slag system at intermediate oxygen partial pressures used in the copper smelting, converting and slag cleaning processes. Recently experimental procedures have been developed and have been successfully applied to characterise a number of complex industrial slags. The experimental procedures involve high temperature equilibration and quenching followed by the electron probe X-ray microanalysis. This technique has been used to construct the phase equilibrium diagram for the "Cu2O"-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3 slag system at controlled oxygen partial pressure and metallic copper saturation conditions, in the range of compositions and temperatures directly relevant to the Slag Cleaning Electric Furnace. The liquidus temperatures in the tridymite and spinel primary phase fields at metallic copper saturation were measured for the fayalite-based slag with 2 wt% of CaO, 0.5 wt% of MgO and 4.0 wt% of Al2O3. In this paper, the experimental technique is explained in detail. The new experimental equilibrium results are presented in the form of the liquidus temperature vs. Fe/SiO2 phase diagram. The application of the results to the practical operation of the slag cleaning furnace is discussed. The experimental results are compared with the FactSage model predictions.

Peter C. Hayes

Papers

Experimental investigation of slag/matte/metal/tridymite equilibria in the Cu–Fe–O–S–Si system at 1 473 K (1 200 °C), 1 523 K (1 250 °C) and 1 573 K (1 300 °C)

Phase equilibria and viscosities in ferrochromium smelting slags

Phase equilibria of fayalite-based slags for the slag cleaning process in copper production

The gaseous reduction of zinc ferrite

Applications of FACT thermodynamic models to the analysis of coal ash behaviour