There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in oxide materials

An assessment of high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). An invited review

Rapid growth in the market for electric vehicles is imperative, to meet global targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to improve air quality in urban centres and to meet the needs of consumers, with whom electric vehicles are increasingly popular. However, growing numbers of electric vehicles present a serious waste-management challenge for recyclers at end-of-life. Nevertheless, spent batteries may also present an opportunity as manufacturers require access to strategic elements and critical materials for key components in electric-vehicle manufacture: recycled lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles could provide a valuable secondary source of materials. Here we outline and evaluate the current range of approaches to electric-vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling and re-use, and highlight areas for future progress. Processes for dismantling and recycling lithium-ion battery packs from scrap electric vehicles are outlined.

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Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Chemical reaction rates are frequently described by empirical mathematical relations in the form of “rate laws”...

Chemical reaction kinetics

Abstract Magnesium oxide-based refractory materials are used industrially to contain the chemically aggressive slags present in lead smelting systems. In the present study an integrated experimental and thermodynamic modeling approach was taken to provide fundamental information on the chemical reactions taking place in these systems. New experimental phase equilibria and liquidus data were obtained for the PbO–MgO–SiO 2 system in air in the temperature range 750 °C to 1740 °C. In the MgO–SiO 2 binary, new experimental results were obtained at 1550 °C to 1740 °C and compared to the available thermodynamic data in the literature. The experiments were carried out using the high-temperature equilibration of oxide powder mixtures followed by rapid quenching of the samples. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) was used to determine the compositions of the solid and liquid phases present at equilibrium conditions. Phase equilibria and liquidus isotherms in the cristobalite and tridymite (SiO 2 ), pyroxene (protoenstatite MgSiO 3 ), olivine (forsterite Mg 2 SiO 4 ), barysilite (Pb 8 MgSi 6 O 21 ), massicot (PbO) and periclase (MgO) primary phase fields were measured, and the extent of the high-silica two-liquid immiscibility gap in equilibrium with cristobalite was determined. The experimental results were used to optimize the parameters in a thermodynamic database that was subsequently used to describe this multi-component, multi-phase system and predict the liquidus for the PbO–MgO–SiO 2 system. The new data were used to characterize the chemical interactions of magnesia-based refractory with PbO–MgO–SiO 2 slags. 

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Peter C. Hayes

Papers

Chemical reaction kinetics

Integrated Experimental and Thermodynamic Modeling Investigation of Phase Equilibria in the PbO–MgO–SiO2 System in Air

Conditions for the formation of dense and porous iron on reduction of wustite in H2/H2O and CO/CO2 gas mixtures

The Thermodynamics of Zinc Oxide in Iron Silicate Slags

Experimental study of phase equilibria of silicate slag systems