There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

CO2 Emission Reduction from Sustainable Energy Systems: Benefits and Limits of Distributed Multi-Generation

Capacity credit (CC) can be defined as the capacity of conventional generators that can be replaced by renewable energy sources (RES) and/or other resources such as energy storage without reducing system reliability. Conventional approaches for calculating CC typically treat the power system as a single area without considering transfer constraints and reliability of interconnectors. However, in multi-area power systems locational aspects are key to assess tradeoffs and synergies arising from transmission, storage and RES in providing adequacy of supply. In this work, we propose a new methodology to quantify the CC of RES and storage in a multi-area power system. Due to the large computational burden brought about by composite system adequacy evaluation, a new accelerated sequential Monte Carlo simulation strategy and a new adaptive sampling approach are specifically developed to achieve computation efficiency. The proposed methodology is tested by demonstrating the impact of interconnectors’ transfer constraints and availability on RES-storage CC in the case of the Australian National Energy Market (NEM) multi-area power system, with applications to wind, solar, and pumped hydro storage plants. The results from several realistic NEM case studies highlight how the proposed model can inform strategic, reliability-aware integrated system planning of large-scale interconnected low-carbon power systems.

Assessment of the Capacity Credit of Renewables and Storage in Multi-Area Power Systems

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources in the modern electric grid, it becomes more technically difficult and costly for system operators to balance generation and demand as traditional providers of flexibility (i.e., flexible generation) become uneconomic. Therefore new sources of flexibility are needed to maintain reliable operation. Flexible demand, including from electric heat pump (EHP) resources, is one source of flexibility which can be utilised to cope with the uncertainty of renewable generation by providing demand response services. In this paper, a high resolution and granular domestic energy consumption model is applied, which uses a four-node electrical analogue to represent the thermal characteristics of domestic dwellings. Then the performance of an EHP cluster coupled with dwellings is simulated. A control algorithm is designed to match the clusters electric load with renewable generation profile. Recognising the potentially detrimental effect of EHP flexibility exploitation on end-user thermal comfort, the loss of comfort level of occupants is assessed. The possibility of significant thermal discomfort from renewable generation matching is demonstrated.

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Exploiting electric heat pump flexibility for renewable generation matching

Driven by the need for actions to successfully fight and prevent the consequences of climate change, the concept of integrated energy (or multi-energy) systems is receiving increasing interest across the world. This concept includes optimal integration of multiple energy infrastructures such as for electricity heat, gas, and so on, partial electrification of heat and transport, and a shift of energy sources from fossil fuels to renewables. However, while several low-carbon integrated energy scenarios are being proposed, there is often a lack of clear assessment of their true cost and environmental performance when also considering the multi-energy infrastructure implications. In this light, this paper investigates the system performance of different UK future scenarios that have been proposed for 2035 from technical, environmental and economic points of view. To do so, a model that can simulate these different future scenarios with detailed analyses of the integrated energy interactions has been created in the EnergyPLAN tool. In addition, in order to truly understand the infrastructure techno-economic implications, which are often overlooked or not dealt with in sufficient depth, EnergyPLAN has been coupled to a tailor-made tool that assesses multi-energy (electricity, heat and gas) infrastructure requirements. The results are used to comprehensively illustrate the impact of integrated energy planning strategies with a broad range of low carbon technologies.

System level cost and environmental performance of integrated energy systems: An assessment of low-carbon scenarios for the UK

Extreme events are increasingly affecting power systems worldwide, calling for new and effective ways to deal with these so-called high-impact, lowprobability (HILP) events. The situation is exacerbated by a transition to low-carbon grids. These systems are dominated by inverter-based resources, including different types of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources and distributed energy resources (DERs), and are characterized by higher operational uncertainty and a risk profile that is correspondingly difficult to assess.

Pierluigi Mancarella

Papers

CO2 Emission Reduction from Sustainable Energy Systems: Benefits and Limits of Distributed Multi-Generation

Assessment of the Capacity Credit of Renewables and Storage in Multi-Area Power Systems

Exploiting electric heat pump flexibility for renewable generation matching

System level cost and environmental performance of integrated energy systems: An assessment of low-carbon scenarios for the UK

From Security to Resilience: Technical and Regulatory Options to Manage Extreme Events in Low-Carbon Grids