There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

From cogeneration to trigeneration: energy planning and evaluation in a competitive market framework

In response to distribution network challenges such as increasing demand, infrastructure ageing and integration of distributed generation, alternative approaches are being sought to release existing network capacity, before proceeding to new investments. Considering that most distribution networks in the UK are typically designed as a ring but operated radially, this paper discusses the effect of a loop operation aimed at maximizing the capacity utilisation of the existing asset. In this context, demand response schemes are implemented as a corrective action following a contingency with the aim of maintaining the system within its limits. Sequential Monte Carlo Simulations (SMCS) are used to quantify the reliability performance under different scenarios, also considering the influence of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and automatic control schemes. Simulation studies have been performed on real UK distribution networks, showing the impact of different types of operation. The results indicate that a radial operation with automated interconnection with other circuits could result in comparable performance indicators and capacity increase as a ring operation.

Reliability Evaluation of Demand Response to Increase Distribution Network Utilisation

A new model has been developed for the simulation of operational interdependences between the natural gas and electrical networks, with the specific purpose of being used to study the effects of different future heating (and therefore power) scenarios on the two networks. The model has been applied to Great Britain's electrical and gas transmission systems. Numerical case studies have been run to illustrate the potential impacts of changing the domestic heating paradigm, from gas boilers to electric heat pumps and/or combined heat-and-power facilities, on the electrical and gas transmission networks. In particular, the preliminary results, which also describe future gas and electricity supply and demand implications, provide specific insights into and challenges of the operation of the gas network under significant changes in technologies for heat production.

Integrated electrical and gas network modelling for assessment of different power-and-heat options

The recent development of distributed generation technologies is changing the focus of the production of electricity from large centralized power plants to local energy systems scattered over the territory. Under the distributed generation paradigm, the present research scenario emphasises more and more the role of solutions aimed at improving the energy generation efficiency and thus the sustainability of the overall energy sector. In particular, coupling local cogeneration systems to various typologies of chillers and heat pumps allows setting up distributed multi-generation systems for combined production of different energy vectors such as electricity, heat (at different enthalpy levels), cooling power, and so forth. The generation of the final demand energy outputs close to the users enables reducing the losses occurring in the energy chain conversion and distribution, as well as enhancing the overall generation efficiency.This book presents a comprehensive introduction to energy planning and performance assessment of energy systems within the so-called Distributed Multi-Generation (DMG) framework. Typical plant schemes and components are illustrated and modelled, with special focus on applications for trigeneration of electricity, heat and cooling power. A general approach to characterization and planning of multi-generation systems is formulated in terms of the so-called lambda analysis, which extends the classical models related to the heat-to-power cogeneration ratio analysis in cogeneration plants. A unified theoretical framework leading to synthesize different performance assessment techniques is described in details. In particular, different indicators are presented for evaluating the potential energy benefits of distributed multi-generation systems with respect to classical case of separate production and centralized energy systems. Several case study applications are illustrated to exemplify the models presented and to point out some numerical aspects relevant to equipment available on the market. In particular, schemes with different cogeneration prime mover typologies, as well as electric, absorption and engine-driven chillers and heat pumps, are discussed and evaluated. A number of openings towards modelling and evaluation of environmental and economic issues are also provided. The aspects analysed highlight the prominent role of DMG systems towards the development of more sustainable energy scenarios.

Distributed multi-generation systems: energy models and analyses

Multi-mode operation of a Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) plant providing energy arbitrage and reserve services – Analysis of optimal scheduling and sizing through MILP modelling with integrated thermodynamic performance

Pierluigi Mancarella

Papers

From cogeneration to trigeneration: energy planning and evaluation in a competitive market framework

Reliability Evaluation of Demand Response to Increase Distribution Network Utilisation

Integrated electrical and gas network modelling for assessment of different power-and-heat options

Distributed multi-generation systems: energy models and analyses

Multi-mode operation of a Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) plant providing energy arbitrage and reserve services – Analysis of optimal scheduling and sizing through MILP modelling with integrated thermodynamic performance