BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes

World energy demand is expected to increase due to the expanding urbanization, better living standards and increasing population. At a time when society is becoming increasingly aware of the declining reserves of fossil fuels beside the environmental concerns, it has become apparent that biodiesel is destined to make a substantial contribution to the future energy demands of the domestic and industrial economies. There are different potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. Non-edible vegetable oils which are known as the second generation feedstocks can be considered as promising substitutions for traditional edible food crops for the production of biodiesel. The use of non-edible plant oils is very significant because of the tremendous demand for edible oils as food source. Moreover, edible oils’ feedstock costs are far expensive to be used as fuel. Therefore, production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is an effective way to overcome all the associated problems with edible oils. However, the potential of converting non-edible oil into biodiesel must be well examined. This is because physical and chemical properties of biodiesel produced from any feedstock must comply with the limits of ASTM and DIN EN specifications for biodiesel fuels. This paper introduces non-edible vegetable oils to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Several aspects related to these feedstocks have been reviewed from various recent publications. These aspects include overview of non-edible oil resources, advantages of non-edible oils, problems in exploitation of non-edible oils, fatty acid composition profiles (FAC) of various non-edible oils, oil extraction techniques, technologies of biodiesel production from non-edible oils, biodiesel standards and characterization, properties and characteristic of non-edible biodiesel and engine performance and emission production. As a conclusion, it has been found that there is a huge chance to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil sources and therefore it can boost the future production of biodiesel.

Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production

Progress in biodiesel processing

De-oiled cakes, a source of biomass in the form of agriculture residue, could be an ideal source for the production of bio-fuels that can be substituted with conventional fossil fuels. In this study, pyrolysis of mahua de-oiled cake (Madhuca indica) was carried in a semi-batch reactor at the temperatures of 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C. The optimum temperature at which maximum yield of 41.36% (by weight) liquid product obtained was 550 °C. Empirical formula of the bio-oil was established as CH1.379N0.0576S0.004O0.614. The thermal degradation of mahua de-oiled cake was studied in inert atmosphere from ambient temperature to a temperature of 600 °C at a heating rate of 25 °C min−1. The chemical composition of bio-char was investigated by using SEM-EDX and its heating value was determined to be 26 MJ/kg. Characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained can potentially be valued as fuel and chemical feedstock.

Production of bio-oil from mahua de-oiled cake by thermal pyrolysis

Permafrost soils are unique habitats in polar environment and are of great ecological relevance. The present study focuses on the characterization of bacterial communities from permafrost profiles of Svalbard, Arctic. Counts of culturable bacteria range from 1.50 × 103 to 2.22 × 105 CFU g-1 , total bacterial numbers range from 1.14 × 105 to 5.52 × 105 cells g-1 soil. Bacterial isolates are identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas are the most dominant genera, and A. sulfonivorans, A. bergeri, P. mandelii, and P. jessenii as the dominant species. Other species belong to genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Nesterenkonia, Psychrobacter, Rhizobium, Rhodococcus, Sphingobacterium, Sphingopyxis, Stenotrophomonas, and Virgibacillus. To the best of our knowledge, genera Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Nesterenkonia, Psychrobacter, Rhizobium, Sphingobacterium, Sphingopyxis, Stenotrophomonas, and Virgibacillus are the first northernmost records from Arctic permafrost. The present study fills the knowledge gap of culturable bacterial communities and their chronological characterization from permafrost soils of Ny-Alesund (79°N), Arctic.

Bacterial communities in ancient permafrost profiles of Svalbard, Arctic

One hundred ten alkalo-tolerant thermophilic bacteria were isolated from 17 samples (water and sediment) collected from Manikaran. Of 110 isolates, 70 showed the production of xylanases and were further screened for growth and production of xylanases at different temperature ranging from 40 to 75°C. Eleven isolates that showed growth and xylanase production at temperatures ≥50°C were selected for quantitative estimation in modified Reese mineral liquid medium containing wheat bran. Maximum xylanase activity was produced by isolate H-7 followed by H-9 and R-9 and was statistically superior to other isolates. The microscopic observation showed that the isolates possessed the typical rod with endospore, characteristic of genus Bacillus. The isolates were found to be oxidase and catalase positive. Using BIOLOG Microlog 3 software, the isolates H7, H9 and R9 were identified as Paenibacillus ehemensis, Bacillus cereus/B. thuringiensis and B. subtilis respectively, based on utilization of 95 carbon sources. PCR-RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA indicated that the isolates were genetically different from each other. DNA sequencing of the three isolates and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the isolates obtained from Manikaran thermal springs showed 97 to 100% similarity with the sequences within the GenBank. The closest phylogenetic neighbours according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence data for the three isolates H-7, H-9, and R-9 were Paenibacillus ehemensis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, respectively.

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Biochemical and molecular characterization of thermo-alkali tolerant xylanase producing bacteria from thermal springs of Manikaran

On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using different blends of methyl ester of karanja with diesel. Karanja methyl ester was blended with diesel in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% by mass. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of diesel. The brake thermal and mechanical efficiencies were better than diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also found to be better than diesel with levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons lower than pure diesel.

Performance and emission analysis of blends of karanja methyl ester with diesel in a compression ignition engine

Paper cups waste represents a valuable source of energy. Therefore, it is studied to determine the quantity of energy obtained from waste of known amount and composition. For a waste to become an energy system, the kinetic parameter of waste is one of the important characteristics that determine the energy obtainable from wastes. TGA has frequently been employed in the kinetic study of the thermal degradation of cellulosic materials. In this work, we have studied the thermo gravimetric analysis of paper cup waste at 2 °C/min, 30°C/min in the air and 30 °C/min in the nitrogen atmosphere and determine the activation energy by using thermogravimetric curves. The Activation energy increases from 17 KJ/mol to 28 KJ/mol with increasing heating rate from 25°C/min to 30°C/min in the air atmosphere. Activation energy is less 22 KJ/mol in nitrogen atmosphere as compared to 28 KJ/mol in air atmosphere at a heating rate of 30°C/min.

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Ram Nageena Singh

Papers

Production of bio-oil from mahua de-oiled cake by thermal pyrolysis

Bacterial communities in ancient permafrost profiles of Svalbard, Arctic

Biochemical and molecular characterization of thermo-alkali tolerant xylanase producing bacteria from thermal springs of Manikaran

Performance and emission analysis of blends of karanja methyl ester with diesel in a compression ignition engine

Determination of Activation Energy from Pyrolysis of Paper Cup Waste Using Thermogravimetric Analysis