There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The semiconductor ZnO has gained substantial interest in the research community in part because of its large exciton binding energy (60meV) which could lead to lasing action based on exciton recombination even above room temperature. Even though research focusing on ZnO goes back many decades, the renewed interest is fueled by availability of high-quality substrates and reports of p-type conduction and ferromagnetic behavior when doped with transitions metals, both of which remain controversial. It is this renewed interest in ZnO which forms the basis of this review. As mentioned already, ZnO is not new to the semiconductor field, with studies of its lattice parameter dating back to 1935 by Bunn [Proc. Phys. Soc. London 47, 836 (1935)], studies of its vibrational properties with Raman scattering in 1966 by Damen et al. [Phys. Rev. 142, 570 (1966)], detailed optical studies in 1954 by Mollwo [Z. Angew. Phys. 6, 257 (1954)], and its growth by chemical-vapor transport in 1970 by Galli and Coker [Appl. Phys. ...

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A comprehensive review of zno materials and devices

Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties

Zinc oxide is a unique material that exhibits semiconducting and piezoelectric dual properties. Using a solid–vapour phase thermal sublimation technique, nanocombs, nanorings, nanohelixes/nanosprings, nanobelts, nanowires and nanocages of ZnO have been synthesized under specific growth conditions. These unique nanostructures unambiguously demonstrate that ZnO probably has the richest family of nanostructures among all materials, both in structures and in properties. The nanostructures could have novel applications in optoelectronics, sensors, transducers and biomedical sciences. This article reviews the various nanostructures of ZnO grown by the solid–vapour phase technique and their corresponding growth mechanisms. The application of ZnO nanobelts as nanosensors, nanocantilevers, field effect transistors and nanoresonators is demonstrated.

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Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications

Amorphous (Zr,Y)Ox films were synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering and subsequently crystallized by oblique ion bombardment. Crystalline texture nucleated by the ion beam was replicated by solid-phase epitaxial growth throughout the formerly amorphous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) film. The resulting YSZ films have (211) orientation normal to the substrate with in-plane directions (111), parallel, and (110), transverse, to the azimuth of the ion beam. We hypothesize that the texture mechanism involves ion-induced film compression and shear. The results, taken together with prior work, show that oblique ion texturing of amorphous films is a general phenomenon that can be used to fabricate substrates with more than one type of crystallographic orientation.

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Oblique ion texturing of yttria-stabilized zirconia: The {211} structure

The laser ablation has been increasing its popularity like as technique of chemical analysis. This is due to its great potentiality in the analysis of solid samples. On the way to contributing to the development of the technique, we in this work studied the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in conditions of micro ablation for future studies of coverings and micro crates analysis. Craters between 2 and 7 micrometers of diameter were made using an Nd‐YAG nanosecond laser in their fundamental emission of 1064 nm. In order to create these craters we use an objective lens of long distance work and 0.45 of numerical aperture. The atomic emission versus the energy of the laser and its effect on the size of craters was study. We found that below 3 micrometers although there was evidence of material removal by the formation of a crater, it was no detectable atomic emission for our instruments. In order to try to understand this, curves of size of crater versus plasma temperature using the Boltzmann distr...

Micro-Crater Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy--an Analytical approach in metals samples

The interaction of high-intensity, short-pulse laser radiation with liquids is fundamental to many contemporary technologies. Nonlinear phenomena can become important at high intensities, resulting in dramatic changes in the thermal response of the liquid to the incident radiation compared to classical model predictions. This work presents an experimental technique to measure the temperature rise during high-intensity laser-liquid interactions based on photothermal deflection of a laser probe beam. The technique is applicable for both weakly and strongly absorbing liquids, and for moderate and strong focusing of the heating laser beam. The experimental data are compared to theoretical predictions for two distinct high-intensity phenomena: saturable absorption and multiphoton ionization. The agreement between experimental predictions and theoretical results is good.

Temperature Measurement during High-Intensity Laser-Liquid Interactions

A literature survey of chemical reactions in or between gases and absorbing solids was performed. A number of suitable reactions were identified and optical, physical, and chemical data were obtained for the solids involved. The optical properties of gas-particle mixtures were studied by developing computer codes to predict their absorption and scattering. A data base was established containing the optical properties for a variety of candidate particle materials. Heat transfer properties of gas-particle mixtures were studied and a model was developed to predict energy flows between particles and gas. A laboratory program was carried out to verify the calculations, measure properties of the gas-particle mixtures, gain experience with radiant receiver systems, and to explore high flux radiant reactions.

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SOLAR RADIANT HEATING OF GAS-PARTICLE MIXTURES. FY 1984 Summary Report

A synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe has been used to study the composition and microstructure of pulsed-laser ablationdeposited films of calcium-nickel-potassium oxides that have applications in heterogeneous catalysis. The films, whose individual metal oxide components have widely varying boiling points and thus prevent a solid-phase synthesis with the use of standard thermal techniques, represent a new quaternary metal oxide phase containing the three elements. Experimental conditions for preparing the films are given. The X-ray fluorescence microprobe data are discussed with respect to both the distribution of the three metals in the films at the micrometer lateral spatial resolution level and the presence of trace amounts of metals that were introduced into the films as contaminants in targets made of the parent three-metal oxide.

Richard E. Russo

Papers

Oblique ion texturing of yttria-stabilized zirconia: The {211} structure

Micro-Crater Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy--an Analytical approach in metals samples

Temperature Measurement during High-Intensity Laser-Liquid Interactions

SOLAR RADIANT HEATING OF GAS-PARTICLE MIXTURES. FY 1984 Summary Report

Characterization of quaternary metal oxide films by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe