S. Cull

TL;DR: Recurring slope lineae (RSL) are narrow, relatively dark markings on steep slopes; repeat images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment show them to appear and incrementally grow during warm seasons and fade in cold seasons.

TL;DR: Observations of ground ice exposed by recent impact craters probe the composition of the upper layers of the surface of Mars, and derive ice-table depths that are consistent with models using higher long-term average atmospheric water vapor content than present values.

TL;DR: In this paper, ground ice was found to be abundant under a layer of relatively loose ice-free soil with a mean depth of 4.6 cm, which varied by more than 10x from trench to trench, which can be attributed mainly to slope effects and thermal inertia variations in the overburden soil affecting ground temperatures.

TL;DR: The Mars Phoenix Lander was equipped with a 2.4 m robotic arm with an Icy Soil Acquisition Device capable of excavating trenches in soil deposits, grooming hard icy soil surfaces with a scraper blade, and acquiring icy soil samples using a rasp tool as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use spectral data from the landing site of NASA's Phoenix mission to map the distribution of perchlorate salts at the Phoenix landing site and find that perchlorates salt has been locally concentrated into subsurface patches, similar to salt patches that result from aqueous dissolution and redistribution on Earth.