Showing papers by "Srdjan Lukic published in 2009"

Design and control of grid-connected converter in bi-directional battery charger for Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle application

Abstract: A new bi-directional power converter for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) is proposed based on a typical household circuitry configuration. This converter can achieve three major functions: battery charger mode, vehicle to grid mode (V2G) and vehicle to home mode (V2H), which are the main topics of integration of PHEVs with the grid. The detailed converter design is presented. An improved AC/DC controller is proposed in order to achieve low input current harmonics for the charger mode. The Proportional resonant+harmonics selective compensation method is utilized for the V2G mode, and capacitor current feedback and proportional resonant control methods are adopted for the V2H mode. Compared with conventional PI controllers, the proposed controllers greatly enhance the grid-connected converter's performance in the aspects of low harmonics output and robustness against background noise.

Multi-function bi-directional battery charger for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle application

Abstract: A new multi-function bi-directional battery charger for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) is proposed based on the power circuitry configuration of an American house. This bi-directional charger can achieve three functions including battery charging, vehicle to grid (V2G) and vehicle to home (V2H), all of which are the major research areas of PHEV's integration with the power grid. The integration infrastructure and practical design issues are analyzed. The multiple control loop designs are presented for the three operation modes. Simulation and experimental results verify the functions and performance of the proposed charger. With the capability of achieving multiple functions, the bi-directional charger will contribute and enhance grid related research of PHEVs.

Intelligent energy management system simulator for PHEVs at municipal parking deck in a smart grid environment

Abstract: There is a need for in-depth study of technologies that will affect the utility industry in a time horizon of less than 20 years. One such technology is the plug-in vehicle (PHEV); there is a need for energy management when a large number of plug-in hybrid vehicles penetrate the market. In this paper, we propose an “intelligent energy management system (iEMS)” that intelligently allocates power to the vehicle battery chargers through real time monitoring and control, to ensure optimal usage of available power, charging time and grid stability. We begin by conceptualization of the system architecture and description of its operation and provide a theoretical framework for system modeling. A detailed PHEV battery model and state of charge estimation algorithm are also being developed to simulate different PHEVs to be recharged at a municipal parking deck. We will present the simulator we have developed for representing the iEMS using Matlab/Simulink and discuss obtained results and future directions.

Inductively coupled power transfer for continuously powered electric vehicles

Abstract: Economic and environmental issues are main motivation for developing efficient and sustainable electrical vehicle for urban transportation. Electrical vehicles (EV) have two main advantages compared to hybrid and gasoline vehicle: eliminated tailpipe emissions and simplified drive-train. However, electric vehicles have a limited range between recharges when fitted with the current state-of-the-art energy storage. To mitigate the limitations of the energy storage technology, we propose to use inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) to supply power to the vehicle while it is moving. ICPT is an efficient technique for transferring power with no physical connection between the source and the load. In this paper we investigate the ICPT requirements for two types of vehicles operating in combination with ICPT system. The first vehicle makes use of a battery as primary and ICPT as secondary energy source for electric vehicle supplying. The goal is to achieve 300 miles range of covering. The second uses electrochemical capacitors (Ultracapacitors) as the power source and ICPT as the energy source. The goal is to provide unlimited range for the vehicle. The result is system analysis of feasibility of battery-ICPT and ultracapacitor-ICPT combinations for different driving conditions and vehicles as well as rough evaluation of expected length and optimal positions of ICPT track for specified driving cycles.

Evaluation of ZigBee communication platform for controlling the charging of PHEVs at a municipal parking deck

Abstract: Large penetration of Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) poses a potential threat to grid stability if PHEV battery charging is not managed. Thus there is a need of enabling technologies for control of PHEV battery charging. A critical component of such a system is the communication between the PHEV batteries and a central controller which we call the intelligent energy management system (iEMS). In this paper we describe the system architecture with ZigBee as the communication medium, followed by an experimental setup to demonstrate the iEMS with ZigBee communication. Our future work is to measure delay, throughput, received signal strength etc. to characterize the communication link and quantify its effect on iEMS performance.

A novel wide voltage range bi-directional series resonant converter with clamped capacitor voltage

Abstract: Bi-directional DC-DC converters become more and more important in the applications of future plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV's) charging stations and distributed renewable power generations as the interface with battery energy storage system. Maintaining high power efficiency in wide voltage range is required since the battery pack voltage varies a lot. Based on previous study, the series resonant converter with clamped capacitor voltage exhibits excellent characteristics in forward mode operation, such as high efficiency, high power density and fault current limiting capability; but very limited study has been performed for reverse mode operation. In this paper, the power stage design based on efficiency optimization for forward mode has been proposed to meet specifications of 750V input, 300V-600V/35kW output and 50kHz switching frequency. For reverse mode operation, the advanced control strategy with three phase-shift angles has been proposed, since simple phase-shift control cannot reverse power flow. The proposed control strategy is successfully verified by a 15kW prototype.

Power Supply for an Electric Vehicle Charging System for a Large Parking Deck

Abstract: This paper explores the main design issues related to power supply infrastructure needed for a vehicle charging system to be implemented in a large parking deck. The design challenges with such a system have been investigated. Simulations have been performed to characterize the chargers as loads and a supply design is proposed. The design components include the sizing of the supply cables and the supply transformer.

Solar/battery electric auto rickshaw three-wheeler

Abstract: Auto rickshaws are three-wheeled vehicles used extensively in many Asian countries as taxis of people and goods. Although the vehicle design is well-suited to the environment in which it operates, it is a crude, inefficient design. Due to poor vehicle maintenance and the use of inefficient 2 or 4 stroke engines with very little pollution control, auto rickshaws present a huge pollution problem in major Indian cities. Illinois Institute of Technology's (IIT) rickshaw project is aimed at developing an advanced solar-based electric auto rickshaw. This paper presents research on the conventional auto rickshaw, future conceptual infrastructure designs for electric rickshaws, and the recent design research and simulations of the next auto rickshaw. IIT's solar/battery electric three-wheeler is meant to match and exceed the conventional vehicle's performance, but with a more intelligent and efficient design. We introduce the next overall design of the rickshaw in this paper as the Auto Rickshaw 2.0, where the conventional vehicle is version 1.0. IIT's technical development aim for Auto Rickshaw 2.0 is to decrease the total electric power needed for propulsion with an optimized battery system and a more efficient motor. Four system drive train options are covered, and the selected configuration is simulated and analyzed in ADVISOR software. Additionally, conceptual infrastructure designs are modeled and optimized in HOMER software.

A novel scheme for optimal paralleling of batteries and ultracapacitors

Abstract: A hybrid power pack consisting of batteries and ultracapacitors has the advantage of combining high energy capability (batteries) with high power capability (ultracapacitor). This paper suggests a new scheme for combining batteries and ultracapacitors with new modes of operation. The scheme supports high speed dynamic cell voltage equalization of a series connected battery string and can transfer charge between batteries and ultracapacitors in addition to improving the specific power capabilities of a battery system (charge and discharge). A circuit topology is proposed and operation modes are defined. Efficiency is improved by better utilization of battery capacity and decreased stress on batteries. These lead to performance improvements and better utilization of ultracapacitors compared to other schemes in existence [1].

A comparison of converter topologies for vehicle-to-grid applications: Three-leg converter versus H-bridge converter

Abstract: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is one promising feature of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. A comprehensive comparison between the three-leg converter and H-bridge converter applied to vehicle-to-grid applications is made. This comparison focuses on the converter's passive components, power consumption and control effort. A three-leg converter with an LCL filter designed for a typical American household electric system is proposed. This converter has both vehicle-to-grid function and stand-alone function with high performance.

ETO light multilevel converters for large electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle drives

Abstract: multilevel converters are very popular for high power AC drives to meet the power demands for large electric/hybrid electric vehicles. Emitter Turn-off (ETO) thyristor is one of the present state-of-the-art high power semiconductor devices. The newest version of ETO (Gen-4 ETO) is more intelligent and reliable. Packed with advanced features as well as superior performance, ETO device and ETO-based power converters are very attractive for large electric drives. This paper presents the ETO Light neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter design and thermal analysis. The modular digital controller architecture for this converter is proposed in order to improve the system reliability and increase its expansion flexibility. As a solution to further increase the converter output power, the ETO Light active NPC (ANPC) converter is presented, and moreover its fault tolerant capability is discussed.