The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire

This new edition of Ann Bowling's well-known and highly respected text has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect key methodological developments in health research. It is a comprehensive, easy to read, guide to the range of methods used to study and evaluate health and health services. It describes the concepts and methods used by the main disciplines involved in health research, including: demography, epidemiology, health economics, psychology and sociology.The research methods described cover the assessment of health needs, morbidity and mortality trends and rates, costing health services, sampling for survey research, cross-sectional and longitudinal survey design, experimental methods and techniques of group assignment, questionnaire design, interviewing techniques, coding and analysis of quantitative data, methods and analysis of qualitative observational studies, and types of unstructured interviewing. With new material on topics such as cluster randomization, utility analyses, patients' preferences, and perception of risk, the text is aimed at students and researchers of health and health services. It has also been designed for health professionals and policy makers who have responsibility for applying research findings in practice, and who need to know how to judge the value of that research.

Research Methods in Health. Investigating health and health services

https://leeds-faculty.colorado.edu/dahe7472/Journal%20of%20Management-2008-Ashforth-325-74.pdf

Identification in Organizations: An Examination of Four Fundamental Questions

Sustained organizational performance depends on top management teams effectively exploring and exploiting. These strategic agendas are, however, associated with contradictory organizational architectures. Using the literature on paradox, contradictions, and conflict, we develop a model of managing strategic contradictions that is associated with paradoxical cognition-senior leaders and/or their teams (a) articulating a paradoxical frame, (b) differentiating between the strategy and architecture for the existing product and those for innovation, and (c) integrating between those strategies and architectures. We further argue that the locus of paradox in top management teams resides either with the senior leader or with the entire team. We identify a set of top management team conditions that facilitates a team's ability to engage in paradoxical cognitive processes.

Managing Strategic Contradictions: A Top Management Model for Managing Innovation Streams

The authors developed and meta-analytically examined hypotheses designed to test and extend work design theory by integrating motivational, social, and work context characteristics. Results from a summary of 259 studies and 219,625 participants showed that 14 work characteristics explained, on average, 43% of the variance in the 19 worker attitudes and behaviors examined. For example, motivational characteristics explained 25% of the variance in subjective performance, 2% in turnover perceptions, 34% in job satisfaction, 24% in organizational commitment, and 26% in role perception outcomes. Beyond motivational characteristics, social characteristics explained incremental variances of 9% of the variance in subjective performance, 24% in turnover intentions, 17% in job satisfaction, 40% in organizational commitment, and 18% in role perception outcomes. Finally, beyond both motivational and social characteristics, work context characteristics explained incremental variances of 4% in job satisfaction and 16% in stress. The results of this study suggest numerous opportunities for the continued development of work design theory and practice.

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Integrating Motivational, Social, and Contextual Work Design Features: A Meta-Analytic Summary and Theoretical Extension of the Work Design Literature

Health is an important resource at the individual, organizational, and societal level. Work can be satisfying and engaging, but it can also be stressful and lead to poor health outcomes. Decades of stress research have identified a range of workplace factors that are potentially harmful to health. This work has been valuable and influential in helping organizations take action to reduce stress and absenteeism. However, rather less research attention has been paid to providing a greater understanding of the factors that promote positive health and well-being. This chapter reviews the contribution of stress research to organizational health and articulates the need for future research to better understand the antecedents and consequences of positive mental health.

Towards Organizational Health: Stress, Positive Organizational Behavior, and Employee Well-Being

Reports on a pilot study carried out to investigate methods for determining corporate culture in the pharmaceutical industry and its effect on innovation and development of new medicines. The results showed that it is possible to use a questionnaire‐based approach for this type of investigation to demonstrate cultural differences between companies and between departments. Furthermore, the results could be related to factors most suited to fast development and to innovation.

Culture, innovation and successful development of new medicines ‐ an exploratory study of the pharmaceutical industry

Human factors play a significant role in accident causation. According to the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, human factors are responsible for 65% of all U.K. road accidents. In contrast, less than 6% of accidents can be accounted for exclusively by vehicle/road conditions. With an estimated 50 million workers within the European Community, traveling to work by car each day (Pickup & Di Martino, 1987), the frequency and cost of motor vehicle claims has risen significantly during the last 10 years. In 1988, the total cost of road traffic accidents in the U.K. was estimated at £5,500M, with an average cost per accident of £17,760 (DTP, 1989). For every 100 company cars on U.K. roads, 44 are the subject of an insurance claim each year, with many fleet operators recording claims frequencies in excess of 100 or 200% (Crighton, 1991). In 1989, there was one death or injury per 41 company cars.

The Company Car Driver, Occupational Stress as a Predictor of Motor Vehicle Accident Involvement

Executive Overview Compared with mainland Europe, the U.K. has low unemployment, longer work hours, and a strong economy. However, there are growing concerns about the health and social costs associated with excessive work pressures and job demands. This article summarizes recent research and workplace surveys on the changing nature of work and work organization in the U.K. Drawing on best practice examples, it discusses the ways in which individual managers and organizations can take action to promote workplace health and reduce stress.

Taking the pulse of executive health in the U.K.

Within the field of stress-management intervention, there have been substantial disagreements on the ‘right’ approach. Some argue for counselling and stress-management training, while other argue for more substantive organisational change through stress audits. It is argued that both are important in meeting the needs of individuals and organisations.

Susan Cartwright

Papers

Towards Organizational Health: Stress, Positive Organizational Behavior, and Employee Well-Being

Culture, innovation and successful development of new medicines ‐ an exploratory study of the pharmaceutical industry

The Company Car Driver, Occupational Stress as a Predictor of Motor Vehicle Accident Involvement

Taking the pulse of executive health in the U.K.

Stress-management interventions in the workplace: Stress counselling and stress audits