Purpose of reviewThis review highlights recent work evaluating the relationship between exercise, physical activity and physical and mental health. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, as well as randomized clinical trials, are included. Special attention is given to physical conditions, i

Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity.

Background
The scoping review has become an increasingly popular approach for synthesizing research evidence. It is a relatively new approach for which a universal study definition or definitive procedure has not been established. The purpose of this scoping review was to provide an overview of scoping reviews in the literature.

Methods
A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. A search was conducted in four bibliographic databases and the gray literature to identify scoping review studies. Review selection and characterization were performed by two independent reviewers using pretested forms.

Results
The search identified 344 scoping reviews published from 1999 to October 2012. The reviews varied in terms of purpose, methodology, and detail of reporting. Nearly three-quarter of reviews (74.1%) addressed a health topic. Study completion times varied from 2 weeks to 20 months, and 51% utilized a published methodological framework. Quality assessment of included studies was infrequently performed (22.38%).

Conclusions
Scoping reviews are a relatively new but increasingly common approach for mapping broad topics. Because of variability in their conduct, there is a need for their methodological standardization to ensure the utility and strength of evidence. © 2014 The Authors. Research Synthesis Methods published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jrsm.1123

A scoping review of scoping reviews: advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency

Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years?

Quality of life: Its definition and measurement☆

Health and Well-Being in the Workplace: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature

https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(12)00068-8/pdf

Systematic reviews for informing rehabilitation practice: an introduction.

A major challenge, but some programs have been successful. The prevalence of disability increases with age such that prevalence in older adults (people older than 65 years) is 50 percent, compared to 17 percent tor people ages 18-64 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2001). Physical inactivity is known to be a modifiable risk factor for disability. However, the prevalence of inactivity also increases with age; 33 percent of males and 50 percent of females over the age of 75 engage in no physical activity (CDC, 2004). This age-related increase in inactivity persists even though numerous studies have demonstrated the many benefits of physical activity interventions among older adults (Cress et al., 2004). Among these benefits are improved functioning, improved health-related quality of life, and decreased levels of depression (CDC, 1996). Participation in regular physical activity has also been shown to reduce the risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, and colon cancer; to reduce depression and anxiety; to help control weight and maintain bone mineral density; and to promote psychological well-being and reduce the risk of premature death (Rlumenthal et al., 1991; Binder, Birge, and Kohrt, 1996; Preisinger et al., 1996; Singh et al., 1999). Prevalence of inactivity among older adults also varies by racial and ethnic group and by gender, from 47 percent among white women age -5 and older to 59 percent in older black males and 61 percent in older black females (Re-jeski et al., 2000). Healthy People 2010 national health objectives recommend that adults engage in regular, moderate physical activity for thirty minutes or more per day or vigorous physical activity three or more days per week for twenty minutes or more per occasion (U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000). Current estimates suggest that, of older adults who engage in any physical activity, only 25 percent ages 65-74 and 15 percent age 75 and older meet these recommendations with respect to frequency and intensity (CDC, 2002). A Robert Wood Johnson Foundation report identified removal of barriers to increased physical activity among older adults as a major current national public health priority (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2001). The current pandemic of inactivity among the nation's elders needs to be addressed at two levels that may require different types of interventions. First, we need to persuade older people that it is safe and beneficial to become more active. The solution to this challenge is a public education campaign that is informed by knowledge about older people's positive and negative perceptions regarding the value of physical activity and the availability of existing programs. second, because benefits of exercise are only experienced if one continues to adhere to a regular program, we need to help older people to maintain engagement in physical activity over the course of their lifetime. Most current physical activity programs for older adults consist of aerobic, flexibility, strength, or balance exercises that do not incorporate a long-term behavior-change component geared toward identifying factors that are most effective in motivating the older adult as an individual to maximize adherence. The literature suggests that several features need to be incorporated into physical activity programs to help older adults achieve sustained adherence. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory (1997) indicates that it is essential to increase participants' "self-efficacy" for both exercise performance and exercise adherence. Bandura defines self-efficacy as confidence in one's ability to perform the exercise competently and safely in the face of barriers and over time and the belief that if a regular program of physical activity is maintained, personally meaningful benefits will be obtained. Steps that can be taken to foster self-efficacy include making the exercise routines functionally appropriate and enjoyable, gradually increasing exercise intensity while providing systematic feedback and reinforcement, and working with participants to negotiate a planned program of follow-up activity that reflects the preferences of participants (Jensen and Lorish, 1994). …

Promoting physical activity among older people

Determinants of families' reactions to their relatives' relocation (from a large developmental disability institution that was closing to smaller institutions) were examined. Ninety-four families responded to two surveys sent during closure and one year later asking about (a) reactions to the closure, (b) relative's medical status, (c) involvement with their relative, (d) appraisal of the situation, and (e) social support. Over time, families reported less stress and dissatisfaction with closure. Family reactions during closure were related to the relative's medical status, involvement with their relative, and appraisal of the situation, whereas family reactions one year later were related to appraisal, involvement with their relative, and social support.

Family reactions to institutional closure.

The Interpersonal Model of Depression (IMD) based on the Theory of Human Relatedness (Hagerty, Lynch-Sauer, Patusky, & Bouwsema, 1993) is evaluated among adults with Down syndrome. One hundred subjects participated, with 32% having elevated depression scores and 40% stating they felt lonely. The relationship between depression, perceived social support, loneliness, and life satisfaction is statistically significant, F(6, 172) = 4.36, p < .001. Loneliness, social isolation, loss of sense of well-being, self-hate, and social withdrawal are important interpersonal manifestations and represent increasing levels of depression. Social and emotional loneliness are two dimensions of loneliness. The IMD provides a framework to assess depression in this population. Research on the efficacy of depression treatment based on the IMD is needed.

Evaluating an Interpersonal Model of Depression among adults with Down syndrome.

Objective: Consumer-oriented recovery has been discussed for more than two decades in the mental health field. Although there some qualitative recovery studies have shown important findings, few quantitative studies of this concept currently exist. This study examined the relationship between recovery and associated socialenvironmental and individual factors. Method: A total of 159 people with psychiatric disabilities receiving services from a large community mental health agency participated in the study. Participants completed a self-report survey that assessed individual recovery status, social support, perceived recovery-oriented service quality, psychiatric symptoms, and demographics. One hundred twenty-four surveys were analyzed. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between recovery and associated factors. Results: Social support and perceived recovery-oriented service quality had significant positive relationships with recovery; psychiatric symptoms had a significant negative relationship with recovery. The final regression model accounted for 58% of the variance in recovery, F(9, 114) 17.72, p .001. Conclusion and Implications for Practice: Socialenvironmental factors play an important role in people’s recovery, even after taking into account psychiatric symptoms. Namely, people with psychiatric disabilities can pursue recovery with symptoms as long as they receive appropriate support and services. Mental health professionals should provide services adhering to recovery principles in order to help their clients achieve personal recovery.

Tamar Heller

Papers

Systematic reviews for informing rehabilitation practice: an introduction.

Promoting physical activity among older people

Family reactions to institutional closure.

Evaluating an Interpersonal Model of Depression among adults with Down syndrome.

Recovery of people with psychiatric disabilities living in the community and associated factors.