13C NMR spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids--a compilation and some salient features

Chem. Pharm. Bull.(オピニオン)

Saponins occur widely in plant species and exhibit a range of biological properties, both beneficial and deleterious. This review, which covers the literature to mid 1986, is concerned with their occurrence in plants and their effects when consumed by animals and man. After a short discussion on the nature, occurrence, and biosynthesis of saponins, during which the distinction between steroidal and triterpenoid saponins is made, the structures of saponins which have been identified in a variety of plants used as human foods, animal feedingstuffs, herbs, and flavorings are described. Many of these compounds have been characterized only during the last 2 decades, and modern techniques of isolation, purification, and structural elucidation are discussed. Particular consideration is given to mild chemical and enzymatic methods of hydrolysis and to recent developments in the application of NMR and soft ionization MS techniques to structural elucidation. Methods currently used for the quantitative analysis of saponins, sapogenols, and glycoalkaloids are critically considered; advances in the use of newer methods being emphasized. The levels of saponins in a variety of foods and food plants are discussed in the context of the methods used and factors affecting these levels, including genetic origin, agronomic, and processing variables, are indicated. Critical consideration is given to the biological effects of saponins in food which are very varied and dependent upon both the amount and chemical structure of the individual compounds. The properties considered include membranolytic effects, toxic and fungitoxic effects, adverse effects on animal growth and performance, and the important hypocholesterolemic effect. A final section deals briefly with the pharmacological effects of saponins from ginseng, since use of this plant is increasing in certain sections of western society as well as being traditional in the Orient.

The chemistry and biological significance of saponins in foods and feedingstuffs.

Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy of steroidal sapogenins and steroidal saponins

Medicinal plants of the world , Medicinal plants of the world , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی

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Medicinal plants of the world

A new phenyldihydronaphthalene-type lignan, vitedoin A (1), a new phenylnaphthalene-type lignan alkaloid, vitedoamine A (2), and a new trinorlabdane-type diterpene, vitedoin B (3), were isolated from the seeds of Vitex negundo along with five known lignan derivatives (4-8). Their chemical structures were determined mainly on the basis of NMR and MS data. Compounds 1, 2, and 4-7 showed stronger antioxidative activity than alpha-tocopherol using the ferric thiocyanate method. Compounds 1, 2, and 4-7 showed higher radical-scavenging effect on the stable free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, than L-cysteine.

Lignan derivatives and a norditerpene from the seeds of Vitex negundo

Anti-obesity compounds in green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides.

Because advanced glycation end product (AGE) inhibitors such as pyridoxamine significantly inhibit the development of retinopathy and neuropathy in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, treatment with AGE inhibitors is believed to be a potential strategy for the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetic complications. A crude extract of Astragali Radix (AR; roots of Astragalus membranaceus ) inhibits the formation of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and pentosidine during the incubation of bovine serum albumin with ribose. In the present study, compounds were isolated from AR that prevented CML and pentosidine formation. Astragalosides significantly inhibited the formation of both CML and pentosidine, and astragaloside V had the strongest inhibitory effect among all if the isolated compounds. These data suggest that AR and astragalosides may be a potentially useful strategy for the prevention of clinical diabetic complications by inhibiting AGEs.

Astragalosides isolated from the root of astragalus radix inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products.

Six new triterpenoid glycosides called julibrosides A1-A4, B1 and C1 were isolated from Albizziae Cortex, the dried stem bark of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. Their structures were determined based on spectral and chemical evidence. Julibrosides B1 and C1 had new sapogenols, designated julibrogenin B and C, respectively, while julibrosides A3 included N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as a sugar component.

Studies on leguminous plants. Part XXXIV. Six New Triterpenoidal Glycosides Including Two New Sapogenols from Albizziae Cortex. V.

From the water-soluble portion of the methanol extract of the herbal medicine fennel, the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare MILLER (Umbelliferae), four new phenylpropanoid glycosides, three new benzyl alcohol derivative glycosides, one new phenylethanoid and its glycoside were obtained. They were characterized by spectral investigation.

Toshihiro Nohara

Papers

Lignan derivatives and a norditerpene from the seeds of Vitex negundo

Anti-obesity compounds in green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides.

Astragalosides isolated from the root of astragalus radix inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products.

Studies on leguminous plants. Part XXXIV. Six New Triterpenoidal Glycosides Including Two New Sapogenols from Albizziae Cortex. V.

Water-Soluble Constituents of Fennel. V. Glycosides of Aromatic Compounds.