An important part of our information-gathering behavior has always been to find out what other people think. With the growing availability and popularity of opinion-rich resources such as online review sites and personal blogs, new opportunities and challenges arise as people now can, and do, actively use information technologies to seek out and understand the opinions of others. The sudden eruption of activity in the area of opinion mining and sentiment analysis, which deals with the computational treatment of opinion, sentiment, and subjectivity in text, has thus occurred at least in part as a direct response to the surge of interest in new systems that deal directly with opinions as a first-class object.

This survey covers techniques and approaches that promise to directly enable opinion-oriented information-seeking systems. Our focus is on methods that seek to address the new challenges raised by sentiment-aware applications, as compared to those that are already present in more traditional fact-based analysis. We include material on summarization of evaluative text and on broader issues regarding privacy, manipulation, and economic impact that the development of opinion-oriented information-access services gives rise to. To facilitate future work, a discussion of available resources, benchmark datasets, and evaluation campaigns is also provided.

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Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis

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Science in action : How to follow scientists and engineers through society

This paper outlines a new approach to the study of power, that of the sociology of translation. Starting from three principles, those of agnosticism (impartiality between actors engaged in controversy), generalised symmetry (the commitment to explain conflicting viewpoints in the same terms) and free association (the abandonment of all a priori distinctions between the natural and the social), the paper describes a scientific and economic controversy about the causes for the decline in the population of scallops in St. Brieuc Bay and the attempts by three marine biologists to develop a conservation strategy for that population. Four ‘moments’ of translation are discerned in the attempts by these researchers to impose themselves and their definition of the situation on others: (a) problematisation: the researchers sought to become indispensable to other actors in the drama by denning the nature and the problems of the latter and then suggesting that these would be resolved if the actors negotiated the ‘obl...

Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay

Confirmation bias, as the term is typically used in the psychological literature, connotes the seeking or interpreting of evidence in ways that are partial to existing beliefs, expectations, or a h...

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Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises:

https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6761018/Geels02technological.pdf

Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study

Contributors Preface Introduction Part I. Instruments in Experiments: 1. Scientific instruments: models of brass and aids to discovery 2. Glass works: Newton's prisms and the uses of experiment 3. A viol of water or a wedge of glass Part II. Experiment and Argument: 4. Galileo's experimental discourse 5. Fresnel, Poisson and the white spot: the role of successful predictions in the acceptance of scientific theories 6. The rhetoric of experiment Part III. Representing and Realising: 7. 'Magnetic curves' and the magnetic field: experimentation and representation in the history of a theory 8. Artificial clouds, real particles 9. Living in the material world 10. Justification and experimentation Part IV. The Constituency of Experiment: 11. Extraordinary experiment: electricity and the creation of life in Victorian England 12. Why did Britain join CERN? Part V. Hallmarks of Experiment: 13. From Kwajalein to Armageddon? Testing and the social construction of missile accuracy 14. The epistemology of experiment Select bibliography Name index Subject index.

The Uses of Experiment Studies in the Natural Sciences

The personal archive is not only about efficient storage and retrieval of information. This paper describes a study of forty-eight academics and the techniques and tools they use to manage their digital and material archiving of papers, emails, documents, internet bookmarks, correspondence, and other artifacts. We present two sets of results: we first discuss rationales behind subjects' archiving, which go beyond information retrieval to include creating a legacy, sharing resources, confronting fears and anxieties, and identity construction. We then show how these rationales were mapped into our subjects' physical, social and electronic spaces, and discuss implications for development of digital tools that allow for personal archiving.

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To have and to hold: exploring the personal archive

Contributors List of Figures Introduction: New Keys to the World of Sound - Trevor Pinch and Karin Bijsterveld SECTION I: REWORKING MACHINE SOUND: SHOP FLOOR & TEST SITES 1. The Garden in the Machine: Listening to Early American Industrialization - Mark M. Smith 2. Turning a Deaf Ear? Industrial Noise and Noise Control in Germany since the 1920s - Hans-Joachim Braun 3. "Sobbing, whining, rumbling": Listening to Automobiles as Social Practice - Stefan Krebs 4. Selling Sound: Testing, Designing, and Marketing Sound in the European Car Industry - Eefje Cleophas and Karin Bijsterveld SECTION II: STAGING SOUND FOR SCIENCE AND ART: THE FIELD 5. Sound Sterile: Making Scientific Field Recordings in Ornithology - Joeri Bruyninckx 6. Underwater Music: Tuning Composition to the Sounds of Science - Stefan Helmreich 7. A Grey Box: The Phonograph in Laboratory Experiments and Field Work, 1900-1920 - Julia Kursell SECTION III. STAGING SOUND FOR SCIENCE AND ART: THE LAB 8. From Scientific Instruments to Musical Instruments: The Tuning Fork, Metronome, and Siren - Myles W. Jackson 9. Conversions: Sound and Sight, Military and Civilian - Cyrus Mody 10. The Search for the 'Killer Application': Drawing the Boundaries Around the Sonification of Scientific Data - Alexandra Supper SECTION IV: SPEAKING FOR THE BODY: THE CLINIC 11. Inner and Outer Sancta: Ear Plugs and Hospitals - Hillel Schwartz 12. Sounding Bodies: Medical Studies and the Acquisition of Stethoscopic Perspectives - Tom Rice 13. Do Signals Have Politics? Inscribing Abilities in Cochlear Implants - Mara Mills SECTION V: EDITING SOUND: THE DESIGN STUDIO 14. Sound and Player Immersion in Digital Games - Mark Grimshaw 15. The Sonic Playpen: Sound Design and Technology in Pixar's Animated Shorts - William Whittington 16. The Avant-garde in the Family Room: American Advertising and the Domestication of Electronic Music in the 1960s and 1970s - Timothy Taylor SECTION VI: CONSUMING SOUND AND MUSIC: THE HOME AND BEYOND 17. Visibly Audible: The Radio Dial as Mediating Interface - Andreas Fickers 18. From Listening to Distribution: Non-official Music Practices in Hungary and Czechoslovakia from the 1960s to the 1980s - Trever Hagen with Tia DeNora 19.The Amateur in the Age of Mechanical Music - Mark Katz 20. Online Music Sites as Sonic Sociotechnical Communities: Identity, Reputation, and Technology at ACIDplanet.com - Trevor Pinch and Katherine Athanasiades SECTION VII: MOVING SOUND AND MUSIC: DIGITAL STORAGE 21. Analog turns Digital: Hip-hop, Technology, and the Maintenance of Racial Authenticity - Ray Fouche 22. iPod Culture: The Toxic Pleasures of Audiotopia - Michael Bull 23. The Recording that Never Wanted to be Heard, and Other Stories of Sonification - Jonathan Sterne and Mitchell Akiyama Index

The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies

Explanation and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge.- Strategic Research Sites for the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge.- Experiment and Evidential Context: Their Early History and Background.- Experiment and Evidential Context - Funding the Link.- Consolidating the Link.- The Reception of Davis's Results - When is a Contradiction Not a Contradiction?.- The Interpretative Flexibility of Evidential Contexts.- Conclusion - Evidential Contexts and Social Contexts.

Trevor Pinch

Papers

The Uses of Experiment Studies in the Natural Sciences

To have and to hold: exploring the personal archive

The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies

Confronting nature : the sociology of solar-neutrino detection

User-technology relationships: Some Recent Developments