抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Seaweed is more than the wrap that keeps rice together in sushi. Seaweed biomass is already used for a wide range of other products in food, including stabilising agents. Biorefineries with seaweed as feedstock are attracting worldwide interest and include low-volume, high value-added products and vice versa. Scientific research on bioactive compounds in seaweed usually takes place on just a few species and compounds. This paper reviews worldwide research on bioactive compounds, mainly of nine genera or species of seaweed, which are also available in European temperate Atlantic waters, i.e. Laminaria sp., Fucus sp., Ascophyllum nodosum, Chondrus crispus, Porphyra sp., Ulva sp., Sargassum sp., Gracilaria sp. and Palmaria palmata. In addition, Undaria pinnatifida is included in this review as this is globally one of the most commonly produced, investigated and available species. Fewer examples of other species abundant worldwide have also been included. This review will supply fundamental information for biorefineries in Atlantic Europe using seaweed as feedstock. Preliminary selection of one or several candidate seaweed species will be possible based on the summary tables and previous research described in this review. This applies either to the choice of high value-added bioactive products to be exploited in an available species or to the choice of seaweed species when a bioactive compound is desired. Data are presented in tables with species, effect and test organism (if present) with examples of uses to enhance comparisons. In addition, scientific experiments performed on seaweed used as animal feed are presented, and EU, US and Japanese legislation on functional foods is reviewed.

Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation

Fatty acids have been used as qualitative markers to trace or confirm predator-prey relationships in the marine environment for more than thirty years. More recently, they have also been used to identify key processes impacting the dynamics of some of the world's major ecosystems. The fatty acid trophic marker (FATM) concept is based on the observation that marine primary producers lay down certain fatty acid patterns that may be transferred conservatively to, and hence can be recognized in, primary consumers. To identify these fatty acid patterns the literature was surveyed and a partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis of the data was performed, validating the specificity of particular microalgal FATM. Microalgal group specific FATM have been traced in various primary consumers, particularly in herbivorous calanoid copepods, which accumulate large lipid reserves, and which dominate the zooplankton biomass in high latitude ecosystems. At higher trophic levels these markers of herbivory are obscured as the degree of carnivory increases, and as the fatty acids originate from a variety of dietary sources. Such differences are highlighted in a PLS regression analysis of fatty acid and fatty alcohol compositional data (the components of wax esters accumulated by many marine organisms) of key Arctic and Antarctic herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous copepod species. The analysis emphasizes how calanoid copepods separate from other copepods not only by their content of microalgal group specific FATM, but also by their large content of long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and alcohols. These monounsaturates have been used to trace and resolve food web relationships in, for example, hyperiid amphipods, euphausiids and fish, which may consume large numbers of calanoid copepods. Results like these are extremely valuable for enabling the discrimination of specific prey species utilized by higher trophic level omnivores and carnivores without the employment of invasive techniques, and thereby for identifying the sources of energetic reserves. A conceptual model of the spatial and temporal dominance of group-specific primary producers, and hence the basic fatty acid patterns available to higher trophic levels is presented. The model is based on stratification, which acts on phytoplankton group dominance through the availability of light and nutrients. It predicts the seasonal and ecosystem specific contribution of diatom and flagellate/microbial loop FATM to food webs as a function of water column stability. Future prospects for the application of FATM in resolving dynamic ecosystem processes are assessed.

Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment.

This chapter discusses the use of partly geminated boranes (B-C-B), and also bisdiborane reagents (B–C–C–B, B–C=C–B, B–C≡C–B). Bis(pinacolato)diborane is used preferentially over other (alkoxo)diborons, because along with it the borylated products derived from it can be handled in air and exhibit high stability toward hydrolysis, which facilitate reaction workup and purification. Bisdiborane derivatives are an important class of compounds in boron chemistry. The addition of diborons (X 2 B–BX 2 ) to unsaturated hydrocarbons is a popular method to introduce two boryl units into organic molecules. Diborane , B 2 H 4 , is stable only when complexed by Lewis base ligands such as amines or phosphines. Bisdiborane, BCB, compounds are usually prepared by double hydroboration of terminal alkynes with dialkylboranes. They are interesting precursors to gembimetallics such as BCLi and BCMgX. The chapter also presents survey on some of the chemistry of organoboron compounds derived from diboron precursors.

Chapter 2 - Recent developments in bisdiborane chemistry: B-C-B, B-C-C-B, B-C=C-B, and B-OC-B compounds and their biological applications

p-Nonylphenol isomers and other aromatic compounds were found in roots and stalks of the plant Cichorium endivia subsp divaricatum These compounds were characterized by high-resolution capillary GC-MS

Occurrence of p-nonylphenol isomers in wild species of Cichorium endivia subsp. divaricatum.

Chemical constituents of some moss species

The methods of synthesis of О±в€’ and ОІв€’haloalkylboranes, including chloration of alkylboronic acid esters, additive bromation and chloration of esters of vinyl- and alkenylboronic acids, addition of bromine to trivinylborazines have been considered. The reactions of radical addition of polyhaloidmethanes to vinylboranes, О±в€’ and ОІв€’unsaturated boronic esters, B-vinyl-B-arylboronic esters, B-trivinyl-B-triarylborazines were discussed. The hydroboration of acetylenic halogenides of dicycloalkylboranes, which led to halocontaining derivatives of dialkylvinylborane was separately considered. The examples of hydroboration of halogenides of allyl and vinyl types are presented. The reaction of dienic synthesis, which takes place between vinylchloroboranes or vinylboronic esters and tetra- or hexachlorocyclopentadienes has been discussed. The reaction of alkenes and allenes with boron tribromide was described. The Markovnikov and non-Markovnikov hydrobromation of boron vinylderivatives has been envisaged. The approaches to the synthesis of perfluoroalkylboranes on the base of hydroboration of perfluoroalkenes have been discussed. The methods of the synthesis of boronates, containing halogetaryl substituents, have been performed. The reactions of hydroboration of halogenides of allylic and propargylic types by 9-borabicyclononane have been shown. The regio- and stereoselectivity of the reaction has been discussed. The examples of the synthesis of boranes of the norbornene type were presented. The reaction of boroallylilation of allyl- and propargylhalogenides leading to the derivatives of 3-bora-bicyclo[3,3,1]-nonane has been discussed. Some directions of using of haloidalkylboranes in the synthesis have been discussed. The examples of nucleophilic substitution leading to oxyalkyl- and azidoalkylboranes have been presented. The route of obtaining of alcohols from О±в€’haloidalkylboranes has been shown. The general scheme of synthesis of О±в€’aminoboronic acids was perfomed. The general approach to the synthesis of allenes on the base of hydroboration products of propargyl halogenides has been discussed. The schemes of synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-butatrienes are presented. The wide using reaction of introducing of vinylic group into substituent, bonding with boron atom in molecules of dialkylvinylboranes, was discussed. The reactions of new C-C bonds formation, based on the action of iodine on the alkylvinylboronates leading to 1,3-dienes and alkylidencyclanes have been shown. О¤he route of the synthesis of cyclopropanes from ОІв€’haloidalkylboranes has been discussed.

/pdf/boranes-in-organic-chemistry-3-o-oi-and-oi-haloalkylboranes-21likp6rmc.pdf

Boranes in Organic Chemistry 3. О±-, ОІ- and Оі-Haloalkylboranes: The Perspective Vehicles for Organic Synthesis

/pdf/halogenated-f-cl-br-i-anabolic-steroids-and-their-biological-1jrs0rcjm6.pdf

Valery M. Dembitsky

Papers

Chapter 2 - Recent developments in bisdiborane chemistry: B-C-B, B-C-C-B, B-C=C-B, and B-OC-B compounds and their biological applications

Occurrence of p-nonylphenol isomers in wild species of Cichorium endivia subsp. divaricatum.

Chemical constituents of some moss species

Boranes in Organic Chemistry 3. О±-, ОІ- and Оі-Haloalkylboranes: The Perspective Vehicles for Organic Synthesis

Halogenated (F, Cl, Br, I) Anabolic Steroids and their Biological Activities