抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Seaweed is more than the wrap that keeps rice together in sushi. Seaweed biomass is already used for a wide range of other products in food, including stabilising agents. Biorefineries with seaweed as feedstock are attracting worldwide interest and include low-volume, high value-added products and vice versa. Scientific research on bioactive compounds in seaweed usually takes place on just a few species and compounds. This paper reviews worldwide research on bioactive compounds, mainly of nine genera or species of seaweed, which are also available in European temperate Atlantic waters, i.e. Laminaria sp., Fucus sp., Ascophyllum nodosum, Chondrus crispus, Porphyra sp., Ulva sp., Sargassum sp., Gracilaria sp. and Palmaria palmata. In addition, Undaria pinnatifida is included in this review as this is globally one of the most commonly produced, investigated and available species. Fewer examples of other species abundant worldwide have also been included. This review will supply fundamental information for biorefineries in Atlantic Europe using seaweed as feedstock. Preliminary selection of one or several candidate seaweed species will be possible based on the summary tables and previous research described in this review. This applies either to the choice of high value-added bioactive products to be exploited in an available species or to the choice of seaweed species when a bioactive compound is desired. Data are presented in tables with species, effect and test organism (if present) with examples of uses to enhance comparisons. In addition, scientific experiments performed on seaweed used as animal feed are presented, and EU, US and Japanese legislation on functional foods is reviewed.

Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation

Fatty acids have been used as qualitative markers to trace or confirm predator-prey relationships in the marine environment for more than thirty years. More recently, they have also been used to identify key processes impacting the dynamics of some of the world's major ecosystems. The fatty acid trophic marker (FATM) concept is based on the observation that marine primary producers lay down certain fatty acid patterns that may be transferred conservatively to, and hence can be recognized in, primary consumers. To identify these fatty acid patterns the literature was surveyed and a partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis of the data was performed, validating the specificity of particular microalgal FATM. Microalgal group specific FATM have been traced in various primary consumers, particularly in herbivorous calanoid copepods, which accumulate large lipid reserves, and which dominate the zooplankton biomass in high latitude ecosystems. At higher trophic levels these markers of herbivory are obscured as the degree of carnivory increases, and as the fatty acids originate from a variety of dietary sources. Such differences are highlighted in a PLS regression analysis of fatty acid and fatty alcohol compositional data (the components of wax esters accumulated by many marine organisms) of key Arctic and Antarctic herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous copepod species. The analysis emphasizes how calanoid copepods separate from other copepods not only by their content of microalgal group specific FATM, but also by their large content of long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and alcohols. These monounsaturates have been used to trace and resolve food web relationships in, for example, hyperiid amphipods, euphausiids and fish, which may consume large numbers of calanoid copepods. Results like these are extremely valuable for enabling the discrimination of specific prey species utilized by higher trophic level omnivores and carnivores without the employment of invasive techniques, and thereby for identifying the sources of energetic reserves. A conceptual model of the spatial and temporal dominance of group-specific primary producers, and hence the basic fatty acid patterns available to higher trophic levels is presented. The model is based on stratification, which acts on phytoplankton group dominance through the availability of light and nutrients. It predicts the seasonal and ecosystem specific contribution of diatom and flagellate/microbial loop FATM to food webs as a function of water column stability. Future prospects for the application of FATM in resolving dynamic ecosystem processes are assessed.

Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment.

The present review describes the biological activities of organic compounds containing the thiirane group. We looked at how the thiirane group can influence the biological activity of aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as the organometaloid compounds containing thiirane group. The structures and predicted activities of these compounds are available. With the computer programme PASS and based on structure–activity relationships (SAR), some additional activities are also predicted, which point towards new possible applications of these lipids. This review emphasizes the role of thiirane containing compounds as an important source and potential leads for drug discovery and they are of great interest to chemists, physicians, biologists, pharmacologists and the pharmaceutical industry.

https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue1/PartL/5-6-371-108.pdf

The impact factor of the thiirane group in organic compounds on their predicted pharmacological activities: A brief review

The review is dedicated to a group of natural compounds of a new type – halogenated polyacetylenides. These compounds are synthesized mainly by plants and by some sea organisms. Structures of 71 compounds are considered. Data on the biological activity of some of their representatives are discussed.

Natural Halogenated Polyacetylenides

This review is devoted to the study of the biological activity of polyether ionophores produced by bacteria, unicellular marine algae, red seaweeds, marine sponges, and coelenterates. Biological activities have been studied experimentally in various laboratories, as well as data obtained using QSAR (Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships) algorithms. According to the data obtained, it was shown that polyether toxins exhibit strong antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, and other activities. Along with this, it was found that natural polyether ionophores exhibit such properties as antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, cytostatic, anti-mycoplasmal, and antieczema activities. In addition, polyethers have been found to be potential regulators of lipid metabolism or inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Further study of the mechanisms of action and the search for new polyether ionophores and their derivatives may provide more effective therapeutic natural polyether ionophores for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. For some polyether ionophores, 3D graphs are presented, which demonstrate the predicted and calculated activities. The data presented in this review will be of interest to pharmacologists, chemists, practical medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry.

/pdf/natural-polyether-ionophores-and-their-pharmacological-2asnfpcl.pdf

Natural Polyether Ionophores and Their Pharmacological Profile

Natural halogenated macrolides, tetracyclines and quinones comprise three small groups of natural antibiotics which were isolated from microorganisms, plants, fungi and marine organisms. The structures of about 86 compounds are considered and the data on their biological activity are described.

Natural Halogenated Macrolides, Tetracyclines and Quinones

Chemical variability in the essential oil from leaves of individual plants of Majorana syriaca (common names Syrian marjoram, zaatar, zahtar) plants growing wild at various locations in Palestine were analyzed using a static headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS). Although Palestine represents a relatively small geographical area, a wide range of variations in oil characteristics were observed, indicating the Palestinian region as an important center of diversity. Essential oil yield was based on steam distillation of air-dried leaves ranged from 10.5 to 54 mg g−1. The major oil constituents, α-phellandrene (1.62–8.13%), α-pinene (1.22%–4.61%), β-myrcene (0.5%–11%), m-cymene (1.86%–8.61%), p-cymene (8.44%–48.6%), γ-terpinene (11.96%–30.8%), thymol (0.26%–11.6%), and carvacrol (0.65%–21.7%), were identified throughout the harvesting period. An analysis of phenolic compounds revealed that wild growing Majorana syriaca could be characterized by the dominant presence of carvacrol. Conversel...

Valery M. Dembitsky

Papers

The impact factor of the thiirane group in organic compounds on their predicted pharmacological activities: A brief review

Natural Halogenated Polyacetylenides

Natural Polyether Ionophores and Their Pharmacological Profile

Natural Halogenated Macrolides, Tetracyclines and Quinones

Diverse terpenoids and phenolic compounds extracted from leaves of Majorana syriaca growing wild in Palestine.